Free Essays on Communism

Socialism In the mid nineteenth century, the possibility of a socialist society was a reaction of poor people and the disengaged to the beginnings of current free enterprise. Around then socialism was the reason for various idealistic settlements; most radical examinations, in any case, in the long run fizzled. The greater part of these little scope private investigations included willful collaboration, with everybody taking an interest in the administering procedure. Later the term socialism was held for the way of thinking progressed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engel's in their Communist Manifesto and the development they made in Central Europe. Since 1917 the term has signified the individuals who view the Russian Revolution as a model that all Marxists ought to follow. Starting with the Russian Revolution, besides, the focal point of gravity of worldwide socialism has moved away from Central and Western Europe; from the late 1940s through the 1980s, socialist developments were regularly connected with Third World strivings for national freedom and social change. The first of these nations was Russia, a colossal, poor, moderately in reverse country that was simply starting to gain a mechanical base. Its kin, still to a great extent uneducated, had no involvement with political interest. In 1917, after a progression of irresolute change measures and sad botch of the war exertion, the outdated system of czarist standard just deteriorated and was cleared away Socialism implies a monetary and political framework where the administration makes all financial and own all the significant type of creation. From the social and monetary the open responsibility for organizations . Government run training and medicinal services. The have restricted opportunity to ensure the administration , practice religion, or change houses or employments . Absolute government power over market with the exception of unlawful exchanges , next to no decision among contending merchandise in the market. Next to no motivators for laborers try sincerely or to deliver quality products o... Free Essays on Communism Free Essays on Communism Socialism In the mid nineteenth century, the possibility of a socialist society was a reaction of poor people and the disengaged to the beginnings of present day private enterprise. Around then socialism was the reason for various idealistic settlements; most revolutionary examinations, in any case, in the long run fizzled. The vast majority of these little scope private investigations included deliberate collaboration, with everybody taking an interest in the overseeing procedure. Later the term socialism was saved for the way of thinking progressed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engel's in their Communist Manifesto and the development they made in Central Europe. Since 1917 the term has meant the individuals who see the Russian Revolution as a model that all Marxists ought to follow. Starting with the Russian Revolution, in addition, the focal point of gravity of worldwide socialism has moved away from Central and Western Europe; from the late 1940s through the 1980s, socialist developments were frequently connected with Third World strivings for national freedom and social change. The first of these nations was Russia, a colossal, poor, generally in reverse country that was simply starting to gain a modern base. Its kin, still to a great extent unskilled, had no involvement with political interest. In 1917, after a progression of pitiful change measures and unfortunate blunder of the war exertion, the old-fashioned component of czarist principle just broke down and was cleared away Socialism implies a monetary and political framework wherein the administration makes all financial and own all the significant type of creation. From the social and monetary the open responsibility for organizations . Government run training and human services. The have extremely constrained opportunity to secure the legislature , practice religion, or change houses or occupations . Absolute government command over market aside from illicit exchanges , next to no decision among contending products in the market. Next to no motivating forces for laborers try sincerely or to create quality products o... Free Essays on Communism Socialism - From Marx to Zemin Article composed by Kris Rayner Socialism has for quite some time been proclaimed in industrialist nations as the foundation of all malicious. Be that as it may, likewise with all fears, this characteristic dread of socialism originates from an absence of information as opposed to sound thinking. It is that equivalent dread that gave the world the Cold War and McCarthy's Red Scare. The motivation behind this paper is neither to help socialism over private enterprise nor the converse of that. Or maybe, it is to illuminate the peruser regarding socialism's movement through time and ideally help the relapse of such dread. The philosophy of socialism came out of the psyches of two men, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels (Marxism, 11). (Dueto Marx being the more generally known impact, he will be the one frequently alluded to.) It was his conviction that private property was the reason for the neediness and corruption of the working class. In this way, he came to choose the possibility that nobody individual ought to have authority over creation of good, responsibility for, and the executives of assets. In that equivalent token at that point, nobody class ought to be permitted to have authority over these things. He went onto remark that the abuse of the common laborers must reach a conclusion. That end would be accomplished through transformation. When this was accomplished, everyone would work as indicated by their capacities and afterward be paid in like manner (Capital, 586-617). Before long, in any case, specialized advancements would make such bounty of products that everybody works as indicated by hi s capacities and gets as per his needs. Soon from there on, cash would have no spot in the public eye. Individuals would have the option to take what they need and would be deficient with regards to nothing. Marx at that point accepted that the delight of seeing the products of work would be sufficient to make man work (Communism, 56-62). Nations and individuals were soon to get on to this belief system. The two generally known about which are Russia and China. Of the two, Russia was the first to receive the socialist beliefs.... Free Essays on Communism Socialism is an idea or arrangement of society wherein the significant assets and methods for creation are possessed by the network as opposed to by people. It was an essential piece of what occurred through the 1900s. It had different effects on numerous nations in only a century. Despite the fact that the thoughts were to improve things, and a few nations may have profited somehow or another, over the long haul, it was blemished. The most exceedingly awful casualty of socialism was, apparently, the Soviet Union. This was on the grounds that they included various wars inside their nation, a ruinous socialist pioneer, and would later be associated with the Cold War followed by the breakdown of the Soviet Union. The most exceedingly awful thing a nation could request would be a common war. That is actually what was going on in Russia from around 1910 to the mid 1920s. The Bolsheviks, otherwise called the Red Army, were supporters of Lenin and were radical communists. They needed to promptly topple the emperor. Then again, the individuals who restricted Lenin, and accepted that the emperor ought to be gradually overwhelmed, and that Lenin’s thoughts negated with those of Marx, were called Mensheviks. The despot committed genuine errors, which warmed the contention between the two gatherings. The most noticeably terrible, as I would see it, was the merciless killing of about 1,000 unarmed workers, which came to be known as Bloody Sunday. (Compton’s Interactive CD-ROM. third ed) Following an inefficient decade, Germany sent Lenin once more into Russia and he immediately became in control. The Bolshevik Red Army and the Whites or Mensheviks, were bound to battle and that is what occurred. From 1918 to 1920 the different sides faced fatal conflicts totaling up around 15 million Russian fatalities. Triumph inevitably went to the Bolsheviks, yet not at a little cost. Beside the 15 million less individuals Russia had, including the dictator and his family, everything Russia relied upon was harmed. Exchange was at a halt, the Russian economy was in ruins, industrial facilities were obliterated and a significant number of ... Free Essays on Communism Vote based system Compared to Communism Vote based system and socialism are two of the most extraordinary, yet significant frameworks of government ever to be set into movement. While all out majority rules system and all out socialism are not broadly spread, the impacts of both can be found in the nations that embraced these types of government years prior. This is finished by the act of the more present day types of these two administering frameworks, liberal majority rule governments and CPC states. Both socialist and law based governments have advantages and detriments; subsequently many differ about which might be ideal. Probably the best qualification between a socialist and a law based government are their clashing financial frameworks. In a socialist government, the objective is to abrogate private property and class frameworks. General society claims the significant assets and the methods for creation. Force is likewise held in like manner. The objective of the framework is to thwart any distinctive individual or gathering from getting amazingly rich, while others become too much poor. By giving everybody equivalent compensation and possession, the framework endeavors to adjust riches between the already rich and poor. After some time, the result turned into an expanded lower class. Be that as it may, in a vote based government, the economy succeeds by permitting free endeavor. Individuals can buckle down for more cash and benefits. Cash is definitely a main impetus in a majority rules system. However, a drawback may be somebody that works similarly as hard and makes a lowest pay permitted by law . In any case, popularity based frameworks appear to be all the more monetarily effective that different types of government. . Then again, in a socialist society an individual can work vastly harder than an associate and get a similar compensation before the day's over. This reality has added to the ruin of socialism. At the point when representatives have no motivation to buckle down, they become lethargic at their employments which, thusly, hauls down the economy. The achievement of law based governments might be contributed t

Economics, supply and demand Essay Example For Students

Financial matters, gracefully and request Essay In the article we see that adolescents have the oppertunity as requesting about their pay in the child sitting field, on the grounds that the measure of sitters today are rare. The watching, adolescents, wind up occupied with school, low maintenance employments, and extracirricular movement. Youngsters with drivers licenses are much more rare than those with out, all things considered, Its elusive a sitter. Circumstances are different, only twenty years back there were 33 million kids who should have been viewed, and 39 million babysitters(age 10 19), late surveys recommend that kids that should be viewed raised 18 percent to 39 million while sitters dropped 5 percent to 37 million. The ascent in kids combined with American families investing more energy out then years prior, has permitted the sitters to set their cost with out haggeling. Sitters are making great over the government the lowest pay permitted by law of $5.15 an hour since they are popular, and rare; the sitters who train in CPR, serve supper, and drive are the hardest to drop by and can request the most noteworthy wages. In this article we see numerous instances of flexibly and damand and the forces of gracefully and request. Sitters are sought after, there is an expansion in the measure of youngsters who should be observed at this point there are relativly rare sorts of people who decide to mind the allready diminished measure of the sitter work power. This gives the sitter the upside of a noncompetitive work power, permitting the sitter to set the cost with out haggling. If we somehow managed to analyze two diverse creation probability outskirts, we would see a left move of the bend while interest for sitters ascends, from 1980 to 1996. In financial aspects we concider this an expansion, the measure of resources(babysitters) diminished while the interest for them rose. This is the thing that we would concider the begining of an econic issue on the grounds that the assets are rare. This brought about an expansion of cost for that administration. We additionally observe that the most experienced, most established, responcible, and best prepared sitters set the most significant expenses by up to 60% from a beginner sallery of $4 to a master sallery of $10 and customers are happy to pay. A shopper is eager to pay that extra $6 an hour for the bit of psyche they get when they go out and realize that their kids are being going to in the most ideal manner, much like a customer is happy to by name brand items at a greater expense since they simply feel like its better. In the following a few years the work power of the sitters will develop, thus will the quantity of individuals younger than 10, this will show a consistent PPC without any indications of alleviation for the purchaser. This article shows the intensity of gracefully and request. 20 years prior when youngsters younger than 10 and sitters age 10-19 were both less, we saw more rivalry between the sitters bringing about value diminishes. Today with less sitters, all with occupied scheduals, and increasingly small kids we see the damand increment bringing about an expansion of cost. .

How to Find Essay Topics For Free

How to Find Essay Topics For FreeWhen I was in college I was very reluctant to write an essay on anything, but something about essay topics just clicked with me. In fact, if you can think of a topic that is really interesting and allows you to express yourself in an interesting way, it is time to write about it!The only problem I ever had with these topics was how to find them. I do not know about you, but I did not want to type out a bunch of words just to get some nice keywords. I wanted a simple solution, and I needed one right away. Here is how to find essay topics for free.The first place to start is by using the search engines. It is really easy to find those topics, as they will be the first thing listed in any of the major search engines. However, you must make sure that you include your subject matter, because this is the main thing that will be used by the search engines to determine your rankings.After you have found the topic, all you have to do is go to the sites online and fill out a survey, which may not be free. If it is free, that is even better.The results that you will receive will usually tell you if the topic is worth your time. So why would you take the time to do that when you can simply click a button and see the results? Why go through all the work of writing and then doing the searches when you can just click the button and see the results?One more reason for you to not get frustrated is that there are many of these sites, but there are only a few that provide the quality content you are looking for. Some people think that these sites may not exist, but the truth is that they do exist andthey offer great resources to help you get started.So now you know how to find free essay topics for free. If you continue to get enough responses to your survey, you may even be able to get some paid sites to provide you with an essay topics list.

Essay on Freedom Riders - 1426 Words

The Freedom Riders were a group of college students and leaders of various racial equality organizations, both blacks and whites, which tested the law of integration for public transportation. The law was instated, but Alabama especially didn’t follow it. The Freedom Riders rode buses into the cities to see if the townspeople accepted or declined the new law. They in turn ended up beating, pummeling, and chasing the riders out of town with the white mobs. The Freedom Riders violently fought the segregation of blacks and whites for public transportation systems, and their victory led to the integration of many other places and the making of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Freedom Riders started their trip from Washington D.C. on May†¦show more content†¦The riders were beaten again by another mob (Powledge 255). The Freedom Riders then proceeded to head down South to Birmingham, Alabama on May 20, 1961, at 8:30 A.M. CST from the Greyhound Bus Station to test the newl y instated law involving the integration for public transportation. The spokesman for the group was a twenty-one year old named John Lewis. They were led by police vehicles on the highway and followed by undercover cop cars for protection. When they arrived at 10:23 A.M. CST they were bombarded by a mob of people (Loory 573). A white male named James Peck was beaten unconsciously and needed 56 stitches to close up his head wounds (Powledge 255). Stuart H. Loory, a reporter who trailed the journey of the Freedom Riders’ bus, states in great detail that, â€Å"The mob had first pummeled three National Broadcasting Co. newsmen and several other photographers, smashing their equipment. Then it turned to vent its unsatisfied fury on the band of students who stood quietly on the bus platform, apparently not knowing what to do after completing the ride from Birmingham.† The mobsters used everything imaginable to beat the riders. Loory had been on the platform, escaped withou t injury, and witnessed this as follows, Using metal pipes, baseball bats, sticks, and fists, the mob surged on the small group of Freedom Riders, clubbing, punching, chasing, and beating both whites and Negroes. When some of the bus riders began toShow MoreRelatedThe Freedom Riders1204 Words   |  5 PagesBBB Period N 18 March 2013 Freedom Riders Backlash The Freedom Riders strive through a journey of hardships to have their point accepted by others, which was bus desegregation. Through the journey the Freedom Rides took some obstacles that affected them physically and mentally. They fought threw times like the downfalls that their movement brought and the mobs that greeted them in every state. The mobs were verbally and physically violent towards the Freedom Riders more than a few times whileRead MoreEssay about Freedom Riders1575 Words   |  7 Pages Freedom Riders â€Å"Freedom Riders† were a group of people, both black and white, who were civil rights activists from the North who â€Å"meant to demonstrate that segregated travel on interstate buses, even though banned by an I.C.C. Ruling, were still being enforced throughout much of the South† (The South 16). The Riders attempted to prove this by having a dozen or so white and black Freedom Riders board buses in the North and travel through Southern cities. This was all â€Å"a coldly calculated attemptRead MoreFreedom Riders: Rebels with a Cause1400 Words   |  6 PagesFreedom Riders: Rebels with a Cause â€Å"If not us, then who? If not now, then when? Will there be a better day for it tomorrow or next year? Will it be less dangerous then? Will someone else’s children have to risk their lives instead of us risking ours?† -- John Lewis May 16, 1961, to other Nashville students considering joining the Freedom Rides John Lewis, a young black man who was born in the South, participated in the Freedom Rides. His statement rang true when Nashville students were facedRead MoreAn Analysis of Freedom Riders: The Documentary by Stanley Nelson1674 Words   |  7 Pages Stanley Nelson chronicles the journey of a group of individuals, known as the Freedom Riders, whom fought for the rights of African Americans to have the same amenities and access as the Caucasians. The purpose of the Freedom Rides was to deliberately violate the Jim Crow laws of the south that prohibited blacks and whites from mixing together on buses and trains. Expectedly, many of the Freedom Riders were beaten and the majority was imprisoned. This carried on for the majority of 1961 and culminatedRead MoreThe Freedom Riders : A Powerful And Inspiring Documentary On The Six Years996 Words   |  4 PagesThe â€Å"Freedom Riders† was a powerful and inspiring documentary on the six months of 1961 that altered America’s hi story. More than four hundred African Americans and whites put their lives in danger, bearing mob beatings and incarceration, as they travelled through the Deep South in numerous buses from May until November of 1961. As the freedom riders knowingly violated Jim Crow laws, they were confronted with cruel racism and violence which painfully pushed against their mindset of nonviolent activismRead MoreFreedom Riders, By John Lewis, A Former Freedom Rider1087 Words   |  5 PagesThis quote from John Lewis, a former Freedom Rider I believe with those words perfectly describes why these Freedom Riders began their journey. After reading the textbook, Visions of America and watching the video clip from American Experience of Freedom Riders I was able to make myself knowledgeable about Freedom Riders. Both the textbook and the video I thought engaged me into the information I was either reading or listening. So, what exactly are Freedom Riders, what were the impacts of this eventRead MoreF reedom Riders Speech788 Words   |  4 Pagessegregation that it eventually led to violence. In 1960, a group of brave people of a variety races came up with the idea of â€Å"Freedom Rides†. They knew the consequences of their cause, a 13 person group, protesting against something that most of the world stood for, and yet they still did everything they could do , to help end it. The Freedom Riders’ goals were to â€Å"challenge the non-enforcement of the united states supreme court decisions Morgan vs. virginia† (quizlet.com)Read MoreThe Freedom Riders Essay1553 Words   |  7 PagesSouth. At this time, segregation was legal. In 1892, the Supreme Court had ruled that a state could separate whites and blacks as long as the services were equal. On May 4, 1961, a diverse group of thirteen courageous individuals known as the Freedom Riders embarked on a bus journey into the South in order to challenge segregation in bus terminals. Although many individuals believed that segregation was wrong, many southern states continued to practice racial segregation. Racial segregation isRead MoreEssay On Freedom Riders738 Words   |  3 PagesThe Freedom Riders were remarkable, fearless Americans. They were extraordinary, ordinary people . . . young people who took the reins of history and wouldnt let go.† -Mark Samels, American Experience Executive Producer. This documentary showed a very dark time of American history, but in the dark is where the heroes come along. The people who took a stand and took part in the Freedom Rider is truly brave, and fearless, they are the people who made the America. Originally the Freedom Riders startedRead MoreThe Freedom Riders Essay1090 Words   |  5 PagesThe Freedom Riders were a group of around 13 people. Most of them were African Americans but there were always a few white skinned people in the group as well. There was no set leader for the Freedom Riders. The Freedom Riders rode interstate buses into the Southern United States. The south was referred to as the most segregated part of the U.S. The main goal of the Freedom Riders was to desegregate and become â€Å"separate but equal.† They had also set out to defy the Jim Crow Laws. The Freedom Riders

Should Community College Tuition Be Free - 875 Words

My immediate response is yes, of course I want community college tuition to be free but then I realized I am already in my second year this will not apply to me. As I further ponder over it I can not help but to think on what terms would this be under. Will you have to have a certain GPA? Will it only be available to us citizens? Will there be a age stipulation? There is a number of factors that can be put on this â€Å"Free Tuition†. It sounds like an amazing offer be is it really? After hearing the podcast I feel like the student, Demitris, is very blessed. In his story he struggled with the downs of life like; going off to college only to fail classes, be unmotivated and lying to his parents about it. Although, he lied to his parent his father still came and helped him enroll into a different community college and from my point of view to have a person in his life to motivate him was great because a lot of college students period do not have that. The beginning of his story is just like what a lot of kids are dealing with, it is their first time out of the house they have to fend for themselves. It is basically just throwing you out there like here is the adult world oh and let me pile on a load of stress too. I myself and possibly many others have or have had some of the same struggles as the student from the podcast had; not enough motivation and too many distractions. Different from the student from the podcast a lot of people these days have way more go ing on being thatShow MoreRelatedCommunity College Education Should Not Be Tuition Free998 Words   |  4 PagesCommunity College Education Should Not Be Tuition Free Every year, millions of students graduate from high school and consider studying in community college. The main reason for them to choose community colleges over four-year universities is the affordable tuition, or they have undecided majors for their careers. Unfortunately, an academic article published in 2014 â€Å"How to Help College Students Graduate,† Kirp demonstrated, â€Å"American students are enrolling college in record numbers, but they areRead MoreThe Importance Of Community College Education1207 Words   |  5 Pageseconomy and politics. For the United States of American, community college becomes one of the main factors to determine how the country moves forward. Using table 101.20 from Digest of Education Statistics of the National center for Education Statistics, from 2000 to 2014, the increase in college enrollment has been contributed by increases in the traditional college-age population and rising enrollment rates. But increasing costs of tuition and di fferent expenses each year have become huge obstaclesRead MoreA Poor Solution For America s Shortcoming1625 Words   |  7 PagesWelfare. A major issue in today’s society is the debate over free community college tuition. Even though some say free community college tuition would be one step closer to saving Americas crumbling lower class, community college tuition should not be completely free. An education from a community college is already very affordable even for those who are from low-income families. On top of being affordable, free community college tuition as it stands today is easily exploitable by those who don’tRead MoreThe Cost Of Education : Tuition Cost Is On Every Student s Mind Essay1201 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cost of Education Tuition cost is on every student s mind. The cost of college tuition is an unnecessary burden that causes students to do the following: work multiple jobs, worry about financial aid, and take time from studying and being better students. Every day I m reminded of the cost of tuition. It is on my mind when I am at the grocery store trying to decide between buying food or gas so I can go to work. Or, for example, when I have to make time to study in between my three jobs IRead MoreShould Colleges Be Free? Essay1186 Words   |  5 PagesShould colleges be free in America? It is a question that is more relevant today than ever before. As education is one key factor that determines the nation’s fate going forward, this question is worth debating. Making free college education may sound good theoretically but requires herculean efforts to make it practically possible. The main question is whether such program be effective in the long run or not? If, yes how long will the governme nt able to support these costs and from where? Are tuitionRead MoreAmerica s Expanding Community College Access940 Words   |  4 Pagesstudents think that if they graduate from college or four years university they will have a chance to work on the professional field rather than minimum wages. It is a good opportunity for whose low income students can make through and receive their college degree. To support my point, in the article â€Å"Expanding Community College Access† I agree with the President Obama that, â€Å"ASAP, which began in 2007, provides money for books, coaching, tutoring, tuition waivers and transportation. Fifty-seven percentRead MoreTuition Free Public College Education1677 Words   |  7 Pagesfor All: Tuition-Free Public College Education Everyone has the right to an education and education should be as accessible as possible to fulfill this need. Without an education, people are rendered powerless. Education gives people the power to go wherever and do whatever they want in life. This is especially true for higher education and a college degree is needed now more than ever. In the United States, in order to get ahead in a career or go up the social ladder, one needs a college degree.Read MoreShould The Tuition Free Program Be Mandated?887 Words   |  4 Pagesto make community college free for Americans. The proposal is made with stipulations, being that students are required to attend at least half time, maintain a 2.5 GPA, and make steady progress toward completing their program. With Tennessee already at a successful head start with their free tuition program, President Barack Obama wants the remaining states to progress as well. Now President Obama wants every American to receive two years of tuition free educa tion in a community college. Upon completionRead MoreCollege Should Offer Free Tuition867 Words   |  4 PagesHaving a college degree is considered to a vital part of being successful in today’s day and age. College degrees are really expensive, but in a long run they really pay off. College can be a big financial burden so with that being said, in my opinion, I think community college should offer free tuition with some sort of standards to be eligible for free tuition. President Barack Obama conveyed a speech at Macomb Community College in Warren, Michigan this past September. President Obama proposedRead MoreCommunity College Tuition Plan Raises Doubts789 Words   |  4 Pageswere people who stated their insight such as president Stanley from Westmoreland County Community College, David Patti president and CEO of the Pennsylvania Business Council and Laura Fisher, senior vice president with Allegheny Conference who agreed that if students are given the opportunity to progress in school it could mean a better economy in the future. By giving students paid tuition in community colleges it could mean they would go to a university to finish a bachelors in a major that interests

Organizational Change Corporate Sustainability

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Change for Corporate Sustainability. Answer: Introduction Management of Change or change management refers to a methodical approach that deals with changes both from the viewpoint of the organization as well as an individual. Three diverse aspects are associated with management of change. They include adapting to change, effecting change as well as the controlling of change. In an organization, the description and the implementation of technologies and procedures are termed as change management. It is crucial for an organization to become successful while adapting to changes. The report gives an outlook about Woolworths Supermarket that is located in Australia. The organization mainly specializes in the selling of vegetables, fruits as well as packaged food that includes meat. The company also sells DVDs as well as magazines and other stationery items. Woolworths was founded in the year 1924 under the name of Wallworths Bazaar Ltd (Hayes, 2014). Two theoretical concepts The two theoretical concepts of organizational change that are discussed include the objective mode as well as the social construction mode. The objective mode is mainly a rationalist approach in which change is implicated to reflect a fundamental situation that needs to be administered and controlled as an objective observable fact. This observable fact perspectives deals with entities such as strategy, structure as well as systems that are mainly treated as exterior objects which are distinguishable from organization members. In realistic terms, an objective mode view indicates the managing of change by relying on a set of values as well as guidelines based on I think, therefore I am, rather than as a relational procedure that deals with individuals who views change as co-constructed in the background of their talk as well as conversation (Benn, Dunphy Griffiths, 2014). If change is viewed as an objective reality in the dominant mode, then there is less possibility that so-called organizational identification will take place. It can be defined as the level to which the associates of an organization describe themselves by the same attributes as those that describe the organization. The Cartesian mode makes the gap wider between self and other. In other words, the Cartesian mode is driven by sovereignty of thought and action. There is always a risk associated with separating the object be it strategy, structure or systems from the subject. The social construction mode or the relational mode of thought embraces that change is not pre-given however; individuals socially construct it. The perceptive of change is largely social that is accomplished through everyday lives. Change is mainly viewed as a collaborative effort from the point of view of social construction. This is mainly because contestants themselves agree on the organizing rules of their deal ings as well as behaviors. Organizational Change The procedure by which an organization is able to change its structure, strategies as well as operational methods and technologies is termed as organizational change. Organizational change can be incessant or it can take place for separate periods. The learning of organizational change is interdisciplinary in nature as well as it illustrates from the fields of sociology, economics and management. Organizational change are of various types that includes developmental, intermediary change as well as transformational (Cameron Green, 2015). Woolworths Woolworths is a most important Australia company with widespread retail interest throughout Australia. In terms of revenue, Woolworths is the second largest company in Australia after Perth-based retail-focused corporation Wesfarmers. Woolworths is also the major takeaway liquor vendor in Australia. The company is the first brand to go international by building to more than 3,000 near indistinguishable stores. Woolworths prides itself on functioning with Australian growers and farmers in order to ensure that they are able to provide the best food to the customers. The company sources 96 percent of all clean fruit and vegetables and 100 percent of fresh meat from Australian farmers and growers. As a result, Woolworths has become successful in becoming a part of the Fresh Food People in Australia (Arli et al., 2013). Figure: Woolworths (Source: Erinafair.com.au, 2016) Changes of the Organization A retailing business like Woolworths never stands still and as a result, a retail business is always exciting and dynamic. At present, Woolworths is undergoing a substantial change so that they are able to provide greater value to the customers. The company is responding to the new era by putting the basis for a new phase of growth and opportunity. The change that the company has undergone deals with the future of shopping. In other words, the customers will now be able to shop online whenever and wherever they want. With the advancement of mobile technology, customers now have access to products and prices that are offered by Woolworths. The company has mainly focused on seamless and effortless movement of the customers between physical and virtual stores. As a result, the business changed for the better by involving multi-option for the customers that included websites, mobile apps as well as virtual stores. The company has also introduced customer talkback with the help of which t hey are able to hold customer focus groups around the country. Woolworths is also making the introduction of a sushi restaurant where the individuals will be able to get healthy and delicious lunch as well as dinner. The company had also made the introduction of reward partnership with Qantas Frequent Flyer (King Thobela, 2014). The Employees Credit Union of Woolworths is liable for putting into practice the effective CSR program that integrates both the environmental as well as social responsibilities in day-to-day procedures. As per the CSR responsibility, Woolworths is responsible for providing agricultural scholarships to more than 24 youth in Australia. Other changes that Woolworths is undertaking is community support through charities under the CSR movements. The company is also undertaking sustainable strategy to become more global and to decrease carbon footprint. In order to gain the importance in the international business, Woolworths requires going through global business culture through which it can sell locally grown fresh products as well as sustainable resourced fish. One of the strategic proposals that have been added by the company is the addition of new product lines rather than just food. This will help the company to increment its growth that will make it more profitable. As the company l acks cultural adaptability, it is undergoing great research related to market in order to introduce culturally acceptable products (Freedland et al., 2016). Relevant of definition to change The theoretical concepts applied in the organization to address the organizational changes are relevant as the objective mode and the social constructive mode are two efficient concepts in dealing with the organizational changes. The changes in the organization can be easily gained as the changes are based on the guidelines and not in relational procedures. Moreover, the approaches are helpful in achieving a collaborative view of the outcome of the organizational changes of Woolworths (Rothaermel, 2015). Therefore, the theories of objective mode and the social constructive mode support Woolworths not only to identify the required changes in the organization but also to manage the changes taking place within the workplace. The need for organizational change The main reason for the need for organizational change is the reduction of carbon emission by 40 percent. The need for change is also mainly because Woolworths is dependent on the domestic market for most of its proceeds. The company has also been focusing on the future of shopping to increase the opportunity for the customers to execute online shopping at anytime and anywhere they want. One of the biggest threats that the organization has been facing is from ALDI as the organization has taken everyone by surprise by providing wealthy customer base. SWOT Analysis Strength: One of the biggest strength of Woolworths is that it is the market leader in the Australian retail industry. The leadership position of Woolworths also enhances the ability of the company in exploiting the potential of the market through strong resources in the form of technological resources and human resources. The company also introduced various products that included sweet Solanato tomatoes and sweet crunch lettuce. Woolworths has also provided 11 new services of meat by providing specialty fresh meat cuts. The company has also made the introduction 38-specialty cheese counters along with 1,355 liquor openings. The company has been associated with marketing movements in order to enhance the base of the customers. In order to implement the change the company has implemented innovation in new stores as well as existing stores (Bull et al., 2016). Figure: SWOT Analysis (Source: Created by Author) Weakness: One of the major weaknesses of Woolworths is that it is dependent on the domestic market for most of its proceeds. As a result, the company can get susceptible to country-specific trends due to high dependency on Australia. The change in the geographical concentration in Australia might substantially affect Woolworths. The company also entered the online market late that resulted in competition. As a result, the company had undergone changes such as the introduction of websites and mobile apps so that it can compete with its rivals. The global presence of the company is also negligible and as a result, they are undertaking sustainable strategy. Woolworths also lacked the cultural adaptability and as a result, the company is closing food and clothing retail stores by facing huge loss. Hence, the company is undergoing changes that include the adaptation of culturally acceptable commodities (Hollensen, 2015). Opportunities: The main opportunity of the company is to promote the brand with the help of advertisement and sponsorship. The comely had also made the use of advancement of technology to promote its business. Woolworths has also implemented new strategic policies to increase opportunities of its business. They also require introducing healthy food items in order to improve their brands. Woolworths has also made the introduction of Sushi restaurant that provides healthy lunch and dinner to the individuals (McDonald, 2013). Threats: Woolworths is mainly facing competition from the biggest rivals that include Walmart and TESCO. The rising threats from the competitors are mainly posing threats for the company. The growth of the company has also been affected by the intervention of the government. Woolworths has been trying to become consecrated of the ALDI threat and it has started to focus on providing wealthy customer base in order to give tough competition to ALDI (Blundell, 2013). Benefits and Drawbacks of SWOT Analysis SWOT Analysis mainly an instrumental strategy for formulation and selection. SWOT Analysis is a strong tool that comprises of great prejudiced element. It is mainly used as a guide rather than a prescription. However, there are various drawbacks along with benefits of the SWOT analysis. The various benefits of SWOT Analysis in order to determine the need to change are as follows: It helps to gather information for strategic planning (Patel, Shah Patel, 2014). It helps to deter threats by overcoming the threats of Woolworths An organization is also able to address weakness by reversing its weakness. An organization will be able to undergo changes by following the weaknesses. SWOT Analysis also helps to maximize the opportunities and as a result, in order to capitalize opportunities Woolworths will undertake innovation (Hirth et al., 2015). It also helps an organization to develop business objectives as well as strategies in order to achieved them. Figure: SWOT Analysis (Source: Pkidd.com, 2016) The various drawbacks of SWOT Analysis in order to determine the need to change are as follows: It is not able to prioritize issues as SWOT Analysis covers only those issues that are considered as strength, weakness, opportunity or threat. In other words, it ignores the uncertain or the two-sided factors. It is able to generate too many proposals however; it does not help to choose which one is the best. Role of Change Agent in the organization Brad Banducci is acting as the change agent in the business of Woolworths. Brad Banducci implemented the change by introducing the idea of voice of customers (VOC) in the organization (Rolfe, 2015). As it is not necessary that any senior management should bring the change, hence, Brad Banducci implemented the idea. However, it is up to the employees who will be given the responsibility of bringing the change. It has been found that the grocery divisions is causing the most trouble in the business of Woolworths and hence, the voice of the customers will be helpful in this process. Forty thousand customers will be interviewed based on seven topics: Getting a clean trolley Welcoming the customers Correct prices on the shelves Stock outages Movement in the aisle Presentation of the fruit and the vegetable section Queuing while checking out Change agency is mainly a collaborative process (Jabri, 2012). Thus, Brad Banducci along with the chairperson of the organization, Gordon Cairns has brought about the change in the organization. The employees of the store will also be involved in the process of the change. The senior management is there only tell about the changes, the employees are the main driving force who will help the organization to bring about the change. Cairns was looking into the liquor section but started looking into the grocery division to look after the customer satisfaction. The changes that has been brought about by Woolworths can be explained by Hersey Blanchard situational leadership theory. Figure: Hersey Blanchard situational leadership theory (Source: Yukl, 2012) Banducci and Cairns followed the delegating style to make the employees aware of the change. To know the perspectives of the customers, the employees will have to carry out the survey. Hence, the employees will be able to do the job assigned to them. As better customer satisfaction means better sales, the employees will be willing because they will be able to get better incentives form the sales. Then leaders are confident that the change will be helpful for the organization. If the organization knows the factors that will be able to satisfy the customers in better manner, they will be able to serve the customers well. As a result, the sales will increase, the grocery section will be garner more profits. Problem-centric and dialogic approaches to change Woolworths implements changes in the company that helps to increase the efficiency level of the company. The company incorporates changes such as online shopping, offering fresh products that are locally grown and sustainable resourced fishes. In order to implement the changes effectively and ensure continuity of the changes, Woolworths uses problem-centric and dialogic approaches (Bushe Marshak, 2016). The company uses problem-centric approach that helps the company to bring about the changes in the organization. The approach is effective in improving the cognitive skills of the company. The managers of Woolworth are able to increase the communicating skills, reasoning abilities, critical thinking and decision-making skills (Hitt, Ireland Hoskisson, 2012). The approach helps the managers to make appropriate decisions regarding the implementation of the new organizational changes. moreover, the problem-centric approach is useful in providing high collaboration value to the managers of Woolworths. With the help of the approach, the staffs are able to work as a team towards gaining the success of the changes. However in the opinion of Lozano, (2013), the problem-centric approach is risky for the company as the there is a need for the changes in the policy of the organizations that is always not possible. There is a need of extra input of time, cost and labor in order to implement the strategy in Woolworths that will support the introduction of online shopping and selling of fresh locally grown products. Therefore, Woolworths needs to be very conscious regarding the use of the approach and a proper budget plan needs to be developed before the implementation of the strategy. A proper budget plan will help Woolworths to avoid the extra expenses that are not necessary for the company. Henceforth, the input cost of the company can be minimized. The dialogic approach on the other hand is an approach that is used by Woolworths to bring about the change in the company through selling fresh grown products. The approach is carried out through dialogues. In the approach, arguments are made on the validity and the non-validity of the consequences of the dialogue. The dialogic approach is useful in evaluating and analyzing the impact and consequences of the decision made related to the organizational change. The approach is helpful for guiding the managers towards the correct direction in achieving the changes within the organization. However, Hill, Jones Schilling, (2014) argued that the approach is inappropriate as it is time consuming and causes de-motivation among the employees when their suggestions are overlooked or criticized. It is profitable for the managers of Woolworths to accept the problem-centric approach in order to address and manage the changes in the organization. The problem-centric approach is more efficient as there are more advantages of the approaches (Lee, 2016). Further, the demerits of the approach can be effectively managed through proper knowledge about the approach and proper planning (Davies Brown, 2014). On the other hand, the incorporation of the dialogic approach is not much effective in managing the changes brought about in the product selling process. Therefore, the managers of Woolworth can implement the problem-centric approach as a tool of strategic management to analyze and maintain the changes taking place within the organization. The problem-centric approach helps to gain more customer satisfaction by providing them an additional shopping opportunity that is the online shopping. The approach helps in the transformational process of the organization by focusing on the effe ctiveness, improvement and on the development of the organization (Ross Blumenstein, 2013). Conclusion It can be concluded that an objective mode views change as something that can be seemed at in ways that separate meaningful and being. It has also been concluded that the procedure by which an organization is able to change its arrangement, strategies as well as operational methods and technologies is termed as organizational change. The global presence of Woolworths is negligible and as a result, they are undertaking sustainable strategy. The company uses problem-centric approach that helps the company to bring about the changes in the organization. Woolworths requires to determine CSR focused at supporting diversity in its workers as the customers are increasingly becoming health conscious. References Arli, V., Dylke, S., Burgess, R., Campus, R., Soldo, E. (2013). Woolworths Australia and Walmart US: Best practices in supply chain collaboration.Journal of Economics, Business, and Accountancy| Ventura,16(1), 27-46. Benn, S., Dunphy, D., Griffiths, A. (2014).Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Blundell, L. (2013). Resurrection of a retail giant. Property Australia, 27(9), 22. Bull, J. W., Jobstvogt, N., Bhnke-Henrichs, A., Mascarenhas, A., Sitas, N., Baulcomb, C., ... Carter-Silk, E. (2016). Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats: A SWOT analysis of the ecosystem services framework. Ecosystem Services, 17, 99-111. Bushe, G. R., Marshak, R. J. (2016). The Dialogic Organization Development Approach to Transformation and Change. Practicing Organization Development: Leading Transformation and Change, Fourth Edition, 405-418. Cameron, E., Green, M. (2015).Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Davies, C. A., Brown, G. (2014). Using design principles to deliver strategy in a new organisational structure.Statistical Journal of the IAOS,30(4), 1-12. Freedland, M., Bogg, A., Cabrelli, D., Collins, H., Countouris, N., Davies, A. C. L., ... Prassl, J. (Eds.). (2016).The Contract of Employment. Oxford University Press. Hayes, J. (2014). The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Hill, C. W., Jones, G. R., Schilling, M. A. (2014).Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Hirth, M., Hofeld, T., Mellia, M., Schwartz, C., Lehrieder, F. (2015). Crowdsourced network measurements: Benefits and best practices. Computer Networks, 90, 85-98. Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., Hoskisson, R. E. (2012).Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Hollensen, S. (2015). Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Jabri, M. (2012).Managing organizational change. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. King, L., Thobela, S. (2014). Woolworths farming for the future.International Food and Agribusiness Management Review,17(B). Lee, E. (2016). The Impact of Recent Organisational Changes.Institutional Reform and Economic Development in the Chinese Countryside, 132. Lozano, R. (2013). Are companies planning their organisational changes for corporate sustainability? An analysis of three case studies on resistance to change and their strategies to overcome it.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,20(5), 275-295. McDonald, M. H. (2013). Ten barriers to marketing planning. Journal of Product Brand Management. Patel, M. M., Shah, P. J., Patel, B. M. (2014). Insights of biosimilars through SWOT analysis. Expert opinion on biological therapy, 14(2), 139-144. Patrick J. Kidd - SWOT Analysis -. (2016). Pkidd.com. Retrieved 14 September 2016, from https://www.pkidd.com/swot.htm Rolfe, J. (2015).Woolies bosses bold new plan.NewsComAu. Retrieved 14 September 2016, from https://www.news.com.au/news/woolworths-supermarkets-boss-brad-banducci-and-chairman-gordon-cairns-plan-for-positive-change/news-story/1227523479836 Ross, P., Blumenstein, M. (2013). Cloud computing: the nexus of strategy and technology.Journal of Business Strategy,34(4), 39-47. Rothaermel, F. T. (2015).Strategic management. McGraw-Hill. Woolworths Supermarket - Erina Fair. (2016). Erinafair.com.au. Retrieved 14 September 2016, from https://www.erinafair.com.au/store-directory/woolworths/ Yukl, G. (2012). Effective leadership behavior: What we know and what questions need more attention.The Academy of Management Perspectives,26(4), 66-85.

Political and economic consequences of EU enlargement

Table of Contents Introduction Background of EU enlargement Accession of new members Positive consequences of EU enlargement Negative consequences of EU enlargement Conclusion Bibliography Introduction The European Union is a political and economic affiliation that embodies an exceptional form of collaboration among 27 member states currently. The main objective of the union is to develop a lasting relationship among member states to improve the economy and attain political stability for the member states.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Political and economic consequences of EU enlargement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In a political view, the union aims at avoiding and averting circumstances that may lead to war in the region, mostly generated by extremist groups. This is possible due to the fact that if there is a stable economic situation in the region, members would not vote for radical partners (Canbazoglu and Kaiser 8). Archick asserts that the main reason behind the enlargement of the EU is to develop European partnership peacefully without any fears of war or resentment. According to the EU, the enlargement door is not closed to any European nation, inclusive of Turkey. In addition, the door is open to the nations of the western Balkans, which can fulfil the economic and political conditions required by the EU for attaining membership (1). The prospects of the EU dictates that even if a radical autonomist party came to power, it would have to agree that they are reliant on on the EU and have a continuing integration process. In view of this, such a party would be obliged to share the vision and objectives of the united Europe. This is entirely because the financial and economic constancy would be reliant on the interaction process, which presently affects Turkey. In Turkey for instance, the two major movers of the Turkish economy are the IMF and the EU. This implies tha t if the two are not there, the Turkish economy would not hold (Canbazoglu and Kaiser 8). The unification of the EU and the consequent enlargement has been taken positively by most citizens of the prospective member states. One clear example of this is the case of Poland. A vote in Poland indicated that that 77% of its inhabitants were for the support of it’s the accession into the EU. This support for the accession of Poland continued several years after after the enlargement of the EU (WiÄ™cÅ‚awski 12). On the other hand, the EU enlargement instigated intense fears among the EU members from the western nations. The existing member states feared the enlargement process in many ways. These members feared the probability of unemployment and enormous immigration of employees from poorer nations of east and central Europe (13).Advertising Looking for term paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn Mor e Background of EU enlargement The Westphalia Agreement on October 24th 1648 was the hallmark of attempt by European nations to begin a long-term period of peace following over 30 years of war between the nations. Regrettably this effort did not lead to the anticipated peace because there lacked a higher authority to punish states that got into war or had disparities. In addition, this agreement did not lead to a peaceful Europe because the nations of Europe interpreted their independence differently. As a result, most nations did not agree in many matters especially economic policies and political dimensions (Canbazoglu and Kaiser 4). In the early 1950’s the EU set up its elementary decision-making structures. Among the structures included a council, consisting of state representatives from member states and an advanced civil service group (commission) responsible for development of EU policy and implementation. Other decision making structures included a court for purpose s of interpreting EU law and a Parliament to give the Union a degree of democratic legality. On most issues, there is a requirement of roughly 72 per cent of the votes in the council during decision making. This is a break away from the past where the voting for decision making required a unanimous vote. In this regard, the requisite of such a moderated majority with enlargement would block the passing of various important decisions (Sissenich 7). The enlargement of the European Union has been occurring since 2004. In this year, the EU saw the accession of various countries including Lithuania, the Czech Republic, Slovenia, Estonia, Poland, Hungary, Latvia, Cyprus Slovakia and Malta. Later in 2007, there was accession of Bulgaria and Romania. In comparison with earlier enlargement stages, the two enlargements were the biggest in Europe in terms of the number of new nations as well as the population in these nations. The two enlargement periods integrated nations with diverse social, economic and political structures. This makes the European Union the biggest integrated community globally. The reform policies of the new nations centred on improving the business cycles of the economy, macroeconomic balance, the development of labour markets and the measure and means of privatization. The main goal of these policies was to expand productivity growth, converging to a workable improved welfare level (Efstathiou 2) There were speculations that the EU would have disappointed new accessed members because of two major reasons. First, most of the nations from Eastern Europe had great and unrealistic expectations from the union. Secondly, these new stations did not receive a warm welcome from the old members of the union.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Political and economic consequences of EU enlargement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The old members gave them a cold welcome, implicating non -acceptance. Long before the enlargement, there was a growing criticism of the EU. For instance, most of the nations in East and Central Europe felt that the Union had enforced its wide and complicated directory without granting them a voice or considering their special requirements. In particular, they did not like the exceptional protection clauses that the EU wrote into the accession agreement, permitting other member-states to block their markets for East European goods under specific conditions. What angered these nations most was the fact that most of the west nations decided to block their labour markets to East European employees for almost seven years (Barysch 10) The 2004 and 2007 European enlargement occurred with no much support and understanding of the public. These enlargements did not take into consideration public opinion. Most politicians in the European nations did not explain to the public the importance of the enlargement to their individual nations as well as th e EU. Just a few politicians were able to explain to the public the reasons behind the enlargement process. This implied that majority of the public in these nations were still in the dark as far as enlargement was concerned. The imprint left was that enlargement was an incentive for doing away with communism or an act of goodwill on the part of the EU. The implication of this was that enlargement from 15 to 27 member states was entirely a top-down procedure. Political elites deliberated on the expansion without actively involving the wider public (Leigh 2). Various observers constantly detect signs of a criticism against the EU Even if there are no major signs of mounting anti-EU sentiment in Central and Eastern Europe. Now that Eastern European politicians do not have to fear consequences for their accession expectations, they are assured of becoming more critical of the EU’s policies. The upcoming elections in Slovakia, Hungary and the Czech Republic will offer politicians the chance to exploit on extensive voter displeasure by accusing the EU for local problems. In this regard, observers claim that the various political parties participating in elections of these nations might cause more Eurosceptic governments in all three countries. The major implication is that such governments, together with the populist marginal government in Poland, could transform the new members into stubborn EU partners (Barysch 11).Advertising Looking for term paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The older member states and their organizations encountered the challenge of the Eastern enlargement only on the day of new members’ accession (Wieclawski 13). This led to increasing sentiments particularly in the issues of joblessness and scramble for the scarce resources in these nations. In Western Europe some citizens overlooked the eventual values of the Eastern enlargement. On the other hand, the Westerners were anxious in the probability of Eastern enlargement developing questions of decision-making, unevenness and management in economic capabilities. In addition, they aspired to increase the importance of a wider process of developing common understanding between the two halves of Europe disconnected for nearly 50 years by the â€Å"Iron Curtain (14). Accession of new members The Maastricht Treaty provided the opportunity for any European nation to apply for EU membership if it fulfils several essential political and economic standards, referred to as the Copenhagen Criteria. These standards required that the countries should have an active market economy, plus the capability to deal with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union. Moreover, these nations must have the capability to fulfil the mandates of membership including faithfulness to the objectives of economic, financial and political union. The Copenhagen criteria also stipulated that the EU must be capable of absorbing new members, therefore the union may deliberate on when it is ready to receive a new member (Archick 5) The Copenhagen criteria are outcomes of a precise political situation. This is because the establishment of these standards occurred in anticipation of the Central and Eastern European enlargement. Nevertheless, this reason set only a foundation of a more complex process of enlargement compounded by comprehensive circumstances and reasons (Aynho et al 22). The Council Conclusions also stipulates additional standards in relation to specific nation’s enlargement and the interaction agreements of the EU and individual nations. This implies that the standards or requirements of accession into the EU occur both in the Copenhagen criteria and the council deliberations (23). Falkner and Nentwich argues that according to past experiences, enlargement has never been easy politically. This largely applies to how the union undertakes negotiations for membership and the orientation required by the new member nations. In the spirit of the EU, enlargement is considered as consolidation of a new member state and genuinely following the harmonized conditions and set standards of the member states. Despite this, it’s clear that the process of enlargement have been slow, painful and internally aggressive. This is true notwithstanding the fact that right from the initial Mediterranean enlargement, the new accessed states have continually had previous bilateral trade treaties with the Union (16). The process of accession of a new nation i nto the EU is rather a complex procedure. The nation has to first apply to join the union. Once this application is received, there is a complicated technical process prompting a series of assessment procedures. However, despite such a complex process of evaluation, the accession of a nation into the EU is a more political process. This is because in the decision making for accession of a nation, such a nation would not be accepted if all the members in the Union do not agree unanimously. One major implication of this is that if an applicant nation has conflicts or disputes with an existing member state, this may cause a derailment in the prospects of accession of such a nation (Archick 5). One good example of such a scenario is the prospective accession of turkey in the EU. In this regard, a bilateral disagreement with an EU Member State has derailed Turkey’s accession negotiation. As a result, Turkey has responded by freezing frozen all contact with the Council of the EU in the reign of Cypriot as President. Another major reason that has subsequently stalled the prospects of turkey’s accession is its association and economic partnership with the Middle East and North Africa. It has thus earned considerable economic growth and has become a more significant participant r in the Middle East and North Africa because of the unrests across the Arab World. These occurrences, together with continual distrusts in EU Member States concerning Turkey’s membership, seem to have narrowed the significance of the EU for Turkey (Kilcourse 7). The process of EU enlargement left insignificant space for the flexibility, broadmindedness and voluntarism related to the plurilateral form of governance. The EU issued judgments and required total submission from the prospective EU member states. Moreover, the union issued paradigms and the applicant nations had to copy or emulate them. In addition, the union provided teaching and training whereby the prospective member states were expected to socialize and learn. EU suggestions and resolutions were to be taken over by feature of their place of origin and not essentially by nature of their essence. The compliance of the applicant nations was deliberate only in theory. In reality, these nations could not afford to refuse the EU’s requirements and anticipations (Zielonka 196). For instance the accession of Turkey has been subject to major concerns and criticism. Several observers state that the EU has been disrespecting the basic rights and sovereignty of Turkey (Kilcourse 20). Positive consequences of EU enlargement One of the major positive effects of enlargement for both old and new member states is development of continual economic growth. In the new states the restructuring of financial systems to a market economy will produce improved production and effectiveness. In addition, enlargement will permit the new member states to be able to benefit from the Single Market through improv ed trade. Various projections assert that the total number of jobs in old member states might increase by approximately 300,000 jobs. Such an enormous increase in job creation would mean that these countries will accelerate their economic growth and their citizens will improve their standards of living (Canbazoglu and Kaiser 10). Rato indicates that the widening of the European Union will probably stir increased economic integration among member states. Heightened competition and economies of scale in wider, more tightly united financial markets should reduce lending scales, drop intermediation costs, and apportion funds more competently. In addition, better broadening of portfolios and weightier cross-border connections should reduce risk burden thus enabling the region to become more robust to shocks (12). For the accessed nations, the enlargement process can bring access to investment and an enhanced business setting, together with EU financial aid to reinforce changes. Moreover, new Member States can expect additional fiscal advantages through partaking in the single market and in EU funds meant to support development. In view of these, it is clear that most or all of the European nations that seek to join the EU have prospects of economic and political gains. When such nations are applying for EU membership, they have a list of expectations that they sell to their citizens in order to gain public support (Aynho et al 71). For financial and trade cooperation to suffice, there is need for improved economic and financial policies. In this regard, better economic and financial policies that new member states get help in financial integration of the EU. This is also achieved by the acceptance of the new states to have financial discipline and microeconomic stability stipulated in EU economic policies. Together with robust sensible supervision, this should help survive the susceptibilities of capital-account instability and credit surges. This would also lay th e foundation for the ultimate adoption of the euro (Rato 13). For old members, extension presents a chance to formulate public finances for imminent demographic challenges. A growth-friendly method to the problems of aging populations is essential, including steps to increase the retirement age and boost life-long training (16). The macroeconomic specifics in the new EU member states are expressively stouter than those in the nations of the old EU-15 and particularly Germany. Considering the past ten years, the average growth rate of gross domestic product (GDP) in the new accessed nations was just under 4%. However in the EU-15, the growth rate averaged just over 2% and only 1.3% in Germany. Macroeconomic forecasts for the new nations assume correspondingly high growth rates, such that also in the approaching years stouter macroeconomic specifics are to be expected in these nations (Untiedt et al 1). The use of the Euro in an enlarged Europe will probably nurture even greater trade association by eradicating exchange-rate risk, reducing transaction costs and stimulating greater price transparency and competition. For instance, the current member states experience trade gains of approximately 10 per cent from the single currency (Rato 5). Enlargement will also widen the extent for lending activity substantially. This is due to enamours bank credit to the private sector in the accessed nations of the west, which are below average (Leigh 11). Generally, enlargement has brought 100m buyers with increasing incomes into the EU, with substantial benefit to exporters, financiers and workers in the older member states. Most of the EU’s best-known products could not remain internationally competitive devoid of subcontracting a portion of their production to the new member states (10). Since locked nations free their economies to global trade, the extent of foreign investments and trade affect their growth frequency. This is largely because more open nations grow quicker than locked ones. A powerful factor of economic growth is technology, pioneered to the host economies by means of the trade of goods and services and the capital movement (foreign direct investments). In this regard, enlargement would bring about technology required to boost the economy of member states of the EU (Efstathiou 7). Within the European Union, there are four fundamental freedoms that member states of the EU enjoy. The European enlargement will cause the new states to also enjoy these basic freedoms related to economic growth. These freedoms are the free movement of services, the free movement of goods, the free movement of capital as well as the free movement of labour within member states of the European Union. Though the free movement of services came into effect after the creation of the European single market, there are still several hindrances concerning the movement of services across the boundaries within the EU (Untiedt et al 4). Another advantage of enl argement to new members is attracting investment in their economy. These accessed nations have a clear advantage over countries of the Middle East in relation to investment pooling and attraction. This is largely because these nations enjoy a more apparent, foreseeable business atmosphere, politically responsible government and closeness to large western markets. Although the new member-states have lower income levels and average wages as compared to older EU members, they enjoy a much higher of the same compared to Asia or the former Soviet Union. For instance, while a Chinese worker earns $150 per month, Polish and Hungarian workers earn $600-700 on average. In addition, the car industry in Central Europe is continually growing and attracting new investors (Barysch 16). EU enlargement has widened the chances to integrate and develop production along the supply chain globally by way of attracting direct investors and development of global interaction. This is helpful to the Europea n Union in that the risks only concentrate in regions within the union which enjoy a bigger share of comprehensive manufacturing processes that are labour intensive. In addition, such risks go to regions which produce inferior products. EU enlargement has also escalated the present competition in the market by developing various innovations into the European market. The new member states have come with numerous innovations in the union, which have increased the competitive advantage of the EU market. As a result, most regions in Germany that harbour an extensive research and innovations, as well as specialization in products that are in an early stage of the product life cycle enjoy far much clear benefits over other regions (Untiedt et al 11). As Rato asserts, foreign direct investment (FDI) is the most straightforward network for integration in the European Union. He argues that in a nut shell, FDI between the old and new members could be as much as 70% less than vindicated by eco nomic basics (10). The free movement of goods and capital, the tendency of accession into the European Union and the end of socialism in the newly integrated states made the nations appealing for Foreign Direct Investments. These capital flows, were very important for them since they made them move from the transition economy to a capitalist one. There are various factors that made these nations appealing to investors. These are, the availability of a well-educated and competent labour force, comparatively cheap labour given its productivity and the fact that the region is in an ample location near the much more developed Western Europe (Efstathiou 9). Another major positive consequence of enlargement is the development of policies to confront ingrained structural weaknesses and overturn flaccid income prospects. The Lisbon Strategy implemented in March 2000 established a determined development for the EU. The strategy advocated for a wider emphasis on research and development, fort hright education and employment goals, completing of the internal market and elevation of active aging (Rato 17). Another advantage of enlargement to the new accessed members is their inclusion in the larger EU system of redistribution. This system includes the common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the structural and cohesion funds. The disbursement of the structural funds occurs at the regional level. These funds are mainly directed into projects that target at developing the productive capability of regions. Such capabilities include upgrading of infrastructure and upgrading of small and medium enterprises (Orla and Jan 8) on the other hand, the CAP comprises procedures such as grants and income warranty schemes for farmers, which could attest to be immensely expensive if extended and cause a drain on the economies of old member states (Canbazoglu and Kaiser 11). In EU history, this form of redistribution has regularly served as side payment to safeguard poorer nations’ supp ort for procedures of market assimilation. However, after enlargement, there will be less money in circulation and there will also be more heightened competition for the scarce resources available. This is because most of the new member states’ wealth and economic growth is below the average set by the EU. The EU cannot get involved in deficit spending unlike the case of national governments. Simultaneously, worldwide pressure is rising against EU (and U.S.) agricultural grants. Mounting political pressure insists a shift of redistribution away from farmers’ grants and toward development of the region. This is however happening even though an ingrained constituency has scrapped previous efforts of reforming EU agricultural policy (Sissenich 10). The European Commission asserts that regions along the previous external EU border may particularly experience diverse enlargement effects due to their nearness to the new member states. This implies that such regions will bene fit more from the integration of the new accessed states in terms of openness to trade, free movement of goods and services as well as economic integration. These benefits will make the new member states to be competitive in the European market as well as the global market. Consequently, the European market will also be more competitive internationally. This will occur because there will be increased cross-border association with the new states in an enlarged EU market (Smallbone et al 4). The accession of Poland and the Czech Republic may be advantageous to the German labour market. This has largely led to huge immigrations from various nations of Eastern and Central Europe to England and Ireland. Nevertheless, the development of the French labour market has not considerably augmented the number of employees from the accessed nations working there. Moreover, many of such workers made a decision of returning to their native countries due to the recent monetary catastrophe. Generatin g an effective means of luring the immigrants to return is rather a hard task for the governments of the new accessed nations of the European Union (WiÄ™cÅ‚awski 19). Another major advantage of the EU enlargement to the new members is the participation in the EU single market. The single market permits free and uninhibited trade within the countries. In this regard, such a move will encourage investments in the new member nations as well as development of new opportunities for companies and individuals in these nations. EU enlargement will also ease free movement of citizens of the new nations who will be able to travel, live and study in the old EU member countries. This will consequently increase integration between the nations and improve academic collaborations (Orla and Jan 6). Since the formation of the European Union, the new member states would be the only nations to experience better policies and beneficial regulations within the EU. In this regard, the new member sta tes will enjoy the development of fresh and well-thought economic, political and financial policies that old members did not enjoy during the formation of the European Union. However, projected harmful policy effects, for instance on the Common Agricultural Policy, have not occurred in the way that was feared (Aynho et al 107). Rato asserts that, Europe also has much to profit from the continuing fiscal integration with the ultimate aim of a really pan-European financial market. This would come along with wider market access for both new and old member states, considerable market reforms, and concerted efforts at synchronization of various EU standards and regulations (9). Schmognerova argues that there is need of a more detailed analysis of market oriented plans in public services in the new Member States. This will help in development of a better understanding of its effects and impacts on social unity. However, it is evident that the enlargement process has far wide impacts on re forms on labour relations lowered prices and the wider consumer satisfaction in the new member nations (22). The EU enlargement also had political effects in the new and old members of the EU. For instance, it has transformed the political relations between member states. Before the accession, the EU considered most of the states in eastern and central Europe as part of its external relations. However, after the accession of these nations into the European Union, the Union started dealing with them as part of their internal relations. This greatly increased the political relationships between the member states of the European Union. This meant that any issues relating to the new member states, the EU would consider these issues as internal issues affecting the whole of European Union (Smallbone et al 4). Canbazoglu and Kaiser add that accession of membership in to the EU will lead to political stability in the new member states of the Eastern Europe. This will occur as the states tr ansform their legal and state organizations in order to align themselves with the EU standards of new membership. Having such political stability is vital in producing investment from within the Europe as well as from outside Europe therefore gaining much economic development (10). In addition to the benefits of political stability and political relations, enlargement can also have wide effects on the national political structure in both old and new member states. In this regard, the presidents of these nations will have new roles and duties to fulfil. For instance, the presidents and heads of states and governments would have the role of representing their countries in the European Union. They will therefore have profound share in the making of decisions in the Union and charting the way forward for the Union. This in turn will have enormous impact on all domains of domestic politics and policies (Aynho et al 77). The incorporation of Central and Eastern Europe in to the EU’ s single market has generated a new European labour specialization, with profound profits to both sides. This process has been resulted to rapid economic growth in the new nations. These nations can generate the foundation for being into speed with West European income levels only by development of higher value-added industries. In the early to mid-1990s, the East European nations shipped majorly labour-exhaustive goods for instance clothing, and capital-exhaustive ones like heavy metals and chemicals. From the EU they purchased machine goods to renovate their factories as well as consumer goods and cars. After accession and the development of Foreign Direct Investment, these nations started to develop more skill-intensive industries, which produced better goods that were competitive in the single market. As a result of the benefits of enlargement, currently both the old and new member states of the EU sell to each other almost the same goods including vehicles, pharmaceuticals and various types of electronics. This mounting ‘intra-industry’ trade is proof that the new members are being incorporated into pan-European supply chains (Barysch 11). Another benefit of enlargement to the new member states is the issue of migration of workers from areas with low employment rates to regions with a higher employment rates. This will ensure a double-edged benefit for both nations. This is because the nation with low unemployment rates is in need of workers while the nation with a high unemployment rates is in need of work places for their increasing unemployed workers. In addition, the adoption of a single market would permit free movement of workers from new member states to older member states. This is however faced with challenges as some old member states have deliberately created restraints on the admission of labour into their nations for at least the first two years of enlargement (Canbazoglu and Kaiser 11). More primarily, eastward enlargement has p rovided to the old EU what it required most to remain competitive in the era of globalisation, which is an enormous number of skilled, low-cost workers straight at their disposal. In view of this most firms in Western Europe have countered the ascent of China and India by transferring some labour or production processes that are skill-intensive to Hungary or Poland. These have helped the companies from Western Europe to stay competitive globally therefore preserving and generating thousands of jobs in their home countries. Although the old EU members have benefited profoundly from immigration of highly-skilled workers from new member states, some of these old states still control who comes in their country. These nations have stringent measures and controls on the immigrants. If these old EU members from Western Europe are to fully benefit from the availability of highly-skilled workers from the East, they have to lessen their controls, which will make their labour markets more flex ible and accessible. It is evident therefore that Eastward enlargement may force old Europe to reform, a prospect which years of grief-stricken political debate have failed to realize (Barysch 4). Following the collapse of the communist era, the process of enlargement aided the EU to reinforce the stability, security and democracy and inside Europe due to various reasons. First it is due to the heightened competitiveness in the market and readiness to confront the challenges of globalization as the biggest united economy. Generally, the EU enlargement will benefit both the old member states and the new accessed nations. For the new members, the EU enlargement will improve the living standards of citizens of these nations and help in growing their economy. On the other hand, the old members will benefit from investment opportunities and provision of highly-skilled workers and cheap labour from new members. In addition, the new members will benefit more by doing away with the risk of exchange rates thus cumulating capital with reduced interest rates (Efstathiou 3). Future enlargement will most probably have diverse effects on EU policies. Even though such future enlargement might help in various areas for instance single market procedures, it might pose a risk to other significant spheres such as energy and climate change. In this regard, it is evident that there are varied speculations regarding climate change prompting some member states to impose stringent measures for controlling it. This is however not in tangent with the desired policy outcomes of some other member states, a situation which may affect integration (Aynho et al 107) EU enlargement has developed a strong and continual process of unity within the European Union which have increasingly impacted on production procedures and structures, the level of competition and prevailing social and economic conditions in Europe. Due to the elimination of trade restrictions, there have been mounting access to new markets. This has consequently generated new chances for firms to extend their activities outside their boundaries. This implies that firms can now operate in a wider market and have access to highly-skilled workers. In addition, enlargement has given consumers a broader range and higher-quality products and services. Moreover, due to the elimination of import duties, quantitative restrictions and physical barriers enlargement has created conditions for increased competition (Smallbone et al 7). Negative consequences of EU enlargement Despite the many promising advantages of EU enlargement, there are still few negative consequences of the same both to old member states and new member states. Zielonka indicates that with reduced levels of merging across the EU it will be hard to generate an overlay between the different economic, administrative, legal as well as cultural boundaries. Successful governance will necessitate more decentralization, diversity and flexibility. With tim e this will most likely lead to heightened disintegration between regional constituencies and the authorities in control of certain spheres of public life for instance competition, trade, health, education, welfare support, employment or migration. This is because various Individual units will generate different allegiances and institutional provisions. This will also possibly lead to an escalating growing multi-policy of several overlapping administrations (198). There are enormous differences not only between Western Europe and Eastern Europe but also between nations in the Eastern Europe alone. In these nations there are great variations in unemployment rates as well as income levels. In this regard, enlargement would cause the EU to cope with significant differences between the income levels of the new member states for an extended period of time. As a result, revision of new budget lines would be inevitable alleviate the disparities in income and employment among cities and reg ions in an enlarged EU (Breuer 62). Canbazoglu and Kaiser indicate that these great disparities in economic growth and standards of living could greatly affect the old member states in two major ways. Firstly, old member states might want to contribute more as the demand for regional support increases, and secondly, old member states presently getting regional support for example Spain and Greece find their support lowered as money is directed to another place (11). Another major disparity is that most of the new members are nations in evolution to market economies, a development which is not yet completely finished (Schmognerova 6). Sissenich adds that the share of agriculture’s in the economy, which is regularly used as a pointer of repressiveness, is nearly twice as high in the new member states as in the current EU (2). One major negative consequence of enlargement is that it has made the centre of European administration further separated from local interests within the union. This is fairly because the space of the European Union is now much greater and partially because the new accessed nations have different organizational landscapes and political primacies than the old ones. Notwithstanding the extraordinary progress realised in recent years, the accessed nations are still much inferior and poorer compared to the old ones and it may be difficult for them to close this gap in wealth in within three decades. This implies that these new nations may take an extended long period to be able to compete with the older states, which are more economically and politically stable (Zielonka 198). Another disadvantage of enlargement is the growing fears that most of the new states may not meet the standards and principles set up by the Union. In addition, meeting some of the set standards for instance environmental standards might prove to be very expensive for these nations since they are still grappling with economic growth. Moreover, if these countries ar e to standardize most of public services, they will have to increase the tax base, which will be disadvantageous to the citizens of these countries. This will occur due to the fact that increase in the tax base will considerably increase the cost for living for such citizens (Canbazoglu and Kaiser 11). Enlargement fatigue in the old member states is yet another negative consequence of this EU process. This is a widespread fear among the old member states that further enlargement of the EU would bring about heightened unemployment problems and reduction in wages due to influx of immigrant workers from new member states. In addition, there are fears that there may be problems in accessing basic services for instance social care and health. Consequently, this enlargement fatigue has led to the worsening of the enlargement discussions and decision making. This has occurred through various reactions for instance shifting periods for opening labour markets to new Member States, weakening of the EU Services Command, and intimidations to new EU Member States (Schmognerova 2). A majority of EU voters do not like the process of EU Enlargement, many of whom relate it with increasing unlawful immigration, global crime and lack of jobs. EU politicians in support of the enlargement have therefore had to satisfy restive publics on the importance of accession of new member states (Moravcsik and Vachudova 52). Many people in the old EU members feel that enlargement have brought about unfair competition for the single market in terms of employment opportunities and investments. They blame the accessed member-states of participating in ‘social dumping’ and destructive tax competition. Most of them also fault the heightened rates of joblessness in their nations on an inflow of ‘Polish plumbers’, Hungarian nurses or Latvian builders. Future enlargements will be very difficult of such public sentiments and hostility will continue. There is therefore much w ork to be done by most EU politicians who have to explain to the public that enlargement is beneficial and not harmful. Failure to do this will heighten public sentiment towards enlargement (Barysch 1). Another major concern is that the increase in the number of member’s states and their diverse opinions will generate breakdown in the EU’s decision making process. This implies that the enlargement process will make the decision making process difficult and complex owing to diverse views of many states. The probability of breakdown in the decision making process increases with the number of members since the threat comes from the casual possibility of an individual rejection under accord, which escalates exponentially as the EU enlarges. The decision making process of the EU is probably the most important role accorded to member states and therefore a breakdown would mean reduction in EU activities (Moravcsik and Vachudova 54). After accession into the European Union, t he new members from East and Central Europe expected that they will be granted a full participation in the decision making process of all deliberations of the EU. These nations also expected that their arguments will be honoured and respected despite the fact that they had less economic potentials compared to their older counterparts. This was however not the case. The new nations from East and Central Europe did not receive an equal opportunity in the decision making process of the Union. They were somehow treated as inferior due to their economic and political backgrounds. The circumstances were most challenging for Poland. Poland was actually the largest nation among the new member nations yet it was considered a medium-size state in the EU. In particular, Poland had difficulties with its ambitions to play a vigorous political role in the European Union (WiÄ™cÅ‚awski 21) The economic changes stipulated by the EU, for instance the retraction of the state from various spheres of the economy, do inflict a huge adjustment cost on financially and politically susceptible nations. The nations which applied for accession have had to render industry to competition from western firms, considerably reduce state grants to feeble sectors and privatize fairly quickly large firms, banks and state services (Moravcsik and Vachudova 47) The addition of big nations such as Turkey or Ukraine might have considerable monetary consequences for the union’s budget as well as regional support programs. In addition, this would result in consequences for the operations of particular EU institutions. Some crucial EU member nations might fear that an enlarging Union could eventually deteriorate their chance to set the nature and agenda in EU institutions and drive EU policies. In addition, there are many doubts concerning the capability of some prospective EU nations to implement EU set principles and standards particularly in areas like the rule of law, basic rights, and a nti-corruption procedures (Archick 13). Change in tax policy would also adversely affect the new member states. Being one of the standards set out in the reformist agenda of the EU it would have far-reaching economic consequences in the new member states. Upon their implementation, such tax reforms would create unhealthy tax competition and considerably reduce revenues in the new member states. For example, reduced tax receipts have accordingly decreased social expenses and are some of the aspects explaining higher at-risk-of-poverty rates following social transfers in the Baltic States, Slovakia and south-east Europe (Schmognerova 18). Future enlargements of the EU also render a main institutional challenge. For instance, the number of EU member states will nearly double shortly. In addition, the EU is nearing to adjust from a majorly Western European organization to a strictly pan-European organization, something that has never happened before. Moreover, different from past enlarg ements, the EU is not a merely, or very principally, economic entity any more, but rather an extremely united political actor (Falkner and Nentwich 15). European Union is becoming progressively segregated, with the formation of â€Å"alliances of the willing† in various policy areas. These alliances should however remain open to involvement by all for realization of a more unified Europe. A multi-track EU will be well positioned to receive new members after meeting the required standards and conditions, than an EU founded on the fabrication that one size fits all. Before the process of enlargement is fully implemented and new countries are accessed in to the European Union, there must be deliberate efforts to arouse an up-to-date public debate in the EU concerning enlargement. In addition, more efforts must be made to generate more credible prospects of EU membership in the hearts of prospective member nations. This will necessitate strong leadership and creativity from those participating in piloting this historic process (Leigh 17). Conclusion The EU enlargement has long been viewed as a positive step towards a more comprehensive European integration. The enlargement of European Union is a process which has both positive and negative consequences to old members as well as to new members. The enlargement accelerated financial growth in new members in terms of investment opportunities, development of a single market, trade integration as well as redistribution processes. In addition to economic gains, the enlargement had political and social effects in the new and old member states. For instance, it led to political stability in many new states and changed the political structures of the new states. The old member states also benefited from the enlargement in terms of investment and availability of highly-skilled cheap labour from the new countries. Despite these advantages, the EU enlargement also had some negative consequences to both the old and new member states. For instance, enlargement caused fears among citizens of old member states with regard to unemployment and reduction of wages as well as social dumping. Moreover, the process of enlargement was not popular among many citizens of the new countries. It also posed institutional challenges and tax problems in the new nations. The EU enlargement was therefore a double-edged phenomenon with advantages and disadvantages in both the existing member states and the new member states. Bibliography Archick, Kristin. European Union Enlargement. 2013. Web. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS21344.pdf Aynho, Boswell et al. European Union Committee -Tenth Report The future of EU enlargement. 2013. Web. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201213/ldselect/ldeucom/129/12902.htm Barysch, Katinka. The EU two years after enlargement: Economic success or political failure? 2013. 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Zielonka, Jan. â€Å"Plurilateral Governance in the enlarged European Union.† JCMS 45.1 (2007): 187-209. Print. This term paper on Political and economic consequences of EU enlargement was written and submitted by user Joanna Joseph to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.