Psychology of Malala Yousafzai

Psychology of Malala Yousafzai Introduction An individual’s behavior, motivations, and way of thinking are highly influenced by his personality. It is therefore important to develop further awareness about the different personality theories in order to understand the factors that affect our personality and that of the people around us. This paper provides a discussion of the various personality theories, and use the individual psychology theory of Alfred Adler to offer an analysis of the life of Malala Yousafzai. A discussion of the eight personality theories and using one of them to analyze the life of a famous individual relates to the objective of this course about the application of the theories in learning about personalities. Psychoanalytic Concepts The psychoanalytic theory according to Freud refers to the concept which holds that the development of human behavior is highly dependent on the interactions of the three mind components which are the id, ego, and superego (Siegfred, 2014). Based on Freud’s arguments, personality development starts early during childhood and is continuously shaped by the person’s experiences that goes through the psychosexual stages. The different stages put the child through a conflict between the biological elements and social expectations. The mastery of the different stages helps the person achieve full maturity in the process. Freud suggested that the interaction of the three components will likely to cause conflict, but they will eventually work harmoniously to reach a resolution (Siegfred, 2014). Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is still being widely used by researchers today, and this is because of its major strength in its usefulness in explaining human development as a res ult of cognitive functioning. The key weakness of this theory, however, is that it is too generalized and fails to consider that no one person is similar. In addition to that, an individual has different life experiences as well as physical and biological processes that makes it difficult to solely use this theory to examine their behavior. Individual Psychology The key concept of Adler’s individual psychology is constructed on the theory that people’s behavior are shaped by dynamic forces. These dynamic forces refer to each individual’s want to strive for superiority, their subjective perceptions and the uniqueness of each personality. As pointed out by Adler, people are always striving to achieve goals and objectives. Therefore, â€Å"knowing the goal of individuals and knowing also something of the world, enables us to understand the meaning of the ways they express themselves, and of the direction their life takes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Adler, 2014). Based on this theory, a person’s action was perceived to be directly influenced by elements that had been ingrained in the mindset since childhood. The strength of this theory is that many people can relate well into the idea that their childhood had a considerable impact on their development as an adult. On the other hand, Adler’s concept is criticized for focusi ng on the development of personality during early childhood. That is, other theorists suggest that personality development is an ongoing process and it is possible to encounter experiences that can change one’s personality in the process. Lifespan Theory The lifespan theory by Erik Erikson provides that the personality development goes through several stages, and each stage presents a conflict. There are external factors that are present in these stages and the ability to resolve the conflict can strengthen the personality. Further, this can help the person in facing further challenges in the next stage. Nevertheless, the failure to successfully complete the challenges at each stage can have a detrimental impact on personality development, though Erikson surmised the possibility of resolving the conflict in later stages. The strength of Erikson’s theory is that it includes the visible phases of development through each stage, however, the eight stages of his theory also poses some weaknesses. This is, each stage stands for may not be accepted by other people, especially that each developmental phase may differ from one culture to the other. Biological Aspects of Personality The biological aspect of personality focuses on the influence of the brain and genetic elements in personality development. In contrast to the environmental factors, this theory posits that personality traits are dictated by the DNA and cognitive processes. The strength of this theory is that it adheres to scientific methods, which used quantifiable measurements in defining personality. On the other hand, its weakness is that it highly focuses on the biological factors, and fails to consider the environmental factors that have a considerable impact on an individual. Behaviorist and Learning Theory In the behaviorist and learning theory, it was posited that people are generally passive and all their behaviors are a result of their response to external factors. The learners start off at zero, and the negative and positive reinforcement shapes their overall responses to stimuli. The strength of this theory is that it is based on apparent behaviors, which makes it easier to collect and measure data that can be used in a research. Its weakness, however, is in being focused on the use of a single dimension in analyzing human behavior. It failed to consider that people have free will and they may respond to external factors differently. In addition to that, there are unseen factors that can also affect the personality development. Cognitive Aspects of Personality The key concepts in the cognitive aspect of personality provides that people learn by observing how others respond to specific situations. In contrast to the idea that personality is shaped by the environment, Bandura suggests that personality is a direct result of people’s experiences. The strength of this theory is that positive reinforcement encourages good behavior, that is people behave better because of the expectation for a reward. The weakness of this theory is that it motivates people to look for rewards, rather than focus on the goodness of engaging in an appropriate action. Trait Theory-the Big Five The trait theory of personality provides that there are five dimensions that are used to define personality development. These five factors are, a) extraversion, b) agreeableness, c) conscientiousness, d) emotional stability, and e) culture (John Srivastava, 1999). The strength of this theory is its applicability in a wide range of cultures and usability in many research. However, the broadness of each category makes it difficult to determine a measure a specific behavioral element. Humanistic theory The humanistic theory of personality development emphasizes on the wholeness of an individual through the perspective of both the observer and the person himself. Under this theory, it was surmised that people have free will, and are basically good so that it is inherent in their nature to think about ways to improve on themselves and make a better world. The key concept is that it promotes an optimistic standpoint where man is by nature willing to work towards overcoming difficulties and despair. The strength of this concept is that it focuses on the goodness of man and the inherent willingness to do good in the process. The weakness of the humanistic theory, however, is that it fails to consider that there are people who may not share the same goodness in their hearts. Individual Psychology of Malala Yousafzai Malala Yousafzai is a young woman born in Pakistan on July 12, 1997 in Kyber Pakhtunkhwa Province in Pakistan (The Nobel Foundation, 2014). Despite the highly patriarchal society, and the adverse treatment of women in her country, Yousafzai managed to become an advocate for women’s rights in Pakistan. She encouraged the promotion of education, and despite her young age, she risked her life by questioning the Taliban’s reason for taking away her basic right to education. An analysis of Malala’s personality can be explained through Adler’s individual psychology theory. Based on this theory, personalities are shaped by the unique social environment and interactions, rather than the need to gratify the biological needs (Schultz Schultz, 2004). This explains why Malala had a considerable thirst for knowledge, despite the fact that she was born in a region where political forces prevented the education of women. She was brought up by parents who extremely inculcated in her the value of education, her father being a passionate educator. Further, education is a big part of the Yousafzai family since her father ran an educational institution in the city. However, things considerably changed for her and her family when the Taliban started to control their province. Malala was only 10 years old when the Taliban took over, and banned girls from going to school. Other activities were halted such as dancing and watching television, and the Taliban destroyed hundreds of schools to get the message about their opposition towards educating girls. In October 2012, she was shot in the head by the Taliban while on her way home from school (Yousafzai McCormick, 2014). Despite the threats, Malala with the support of her father, stood up to the Taliban and showed how determined she was to insist on her basic rights. A closer examination indicates that Malala’s personality is shaped by her early environment within and outside her family. This is in line with what Adler pointed out as the impact of external factors in personality development. Her father served as a positive motivator for her, but the socio-political setting in her country had always put women at a disadvantage in many aspects. Being a member of the disadvantage group made Malala realize the importance of fighting for her rights. According to Adler, in instances where people suffer from any form of disadvantage which makes them feel inferior, it is their goal to work towards brining those disadvantages to an end. Further, the individual psychology theory posits that people always endeavor to strive for success, and this must have motivated Malala to defy the policies set by the Taliban. Education had been part of Malala’s upbringing, and the process of taking her right to education away from her is a direct offense that is difficult for her to take. She has set her mind about her future because of how her parents brought her up, and she felt debased by the Taliban’s who tried to take away her dreams from her. Conclusion The study of personality theories is important in understanding why people behave in a certain way. These theories paved the way for helping people become aware of their own and other people’s behavior, motivations, and manner of responding to situations. Consequently, these theories explain how the environment, biological factors and other elements can affect an individual’s personality development. An example in this paper showed how the individual psychology theory explains the behavior and overall personality of Malala Yousafzai. It surmises that Malala’s childhood, environment and aspirations impacted her decision to fight for her right for education. It shows how personality can be shaped by environmental factors such as the family and the existing socio-political climate.

Down s Syndrome A Common Chromosomal Disorder - 2838 Words

Down’s syndrome is a common chromosomal disorder effecting the physical and cognitive development of a person. An individual with Down’s syndrome typically has numerous health ailments, which require intense medical care and create great medical costs. A person with Down’s syndrome requires special schools and invasive therapies, which can also be costly. Many believe people with Down’s syndrome do not live a fulfilled life, compared to a typical person because many cannot live independently or be successful in life. To avoid costly expenses and endless time and effort to help a Down’s person be happy and healthy, many believe it’s best to terminate a Down’s syndrome pregnancy to avoid dealing with all the hardships and issues that may arise. Some families cannot handle the emotional and financial hardships. Not only can living with Down’s syndrome be considered a problem in society, the healthcare costs may be problematic, as w ell as the issue of abortion. 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Lion of the Desert Free Essays

Lion of the Desert Reflection Rebellion spearhead as well as a teacher, Omar Mukhtar was a clear leader. During the brief peace talk in â€Å"Lion of the Desert,† the first demand Mukhtar wanted for his people were Muslim schools. Other requirements for peace that were requested were national protection, national parliament, and return of the lands taken from the people of Libya. We will write a custom essay sample on Lion of the Desert or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mukhtar was first a teacher, when reading, reflecting or teaching he wore his glasses. Mukhtar balanced them gently on his finger, when speaking to a class of young boys, illustrating importance of balance within the Koran. A young boy whose father was killed while fighting, clumsily puts on Omar’s glasses, it is consoling for the boy as Omar seeks a role model and new hope for him. After the father dies, the guidance of Omar shows the importance of a male influence in the boy’s life and within Islam. At the moment Muhktar picked up a gun, he transformed into the leader of the rebellion. In acts of insurgence Omar was guided by his religion and teaching. After a small victory, the men took the flag from the caravan and presented it to Omar as a trophy. Mukhtar simply responded, â€Å"They are not our teachers, he is a boy, tell your general†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and he returns the flag to the surviving Italian soldier and sends him back, as opposed to killing him. In contrast, on the scene of General Graziani’s victory, he has sand goggles on as well as wearing a flag as a cape. He is then presented with a flag raising ceremony to declare their dominance of the area. When ambushed by a gas attack Mukhtar loses his glasses, just as his comrades have fallen dying or injured. Shortly after, Graziani constructs a massive barbed wire fence to block the rebels from supplies and refuge. Muhktar then says, â€Å"What is wire to the will of God? † guiding his forces on principle and the teachings of the Koran. The nationalist rebellion also adheres to their religion when tying their legs to remain in the face of an attack. Islamist teaching includes the concept of jihad or self-sacrifice for the sake of the cause. Their tied leg prevented the men from retreating or running away. In the end, when Graziani offers to release Muhktar if he were to relinquish his rebellion and beliefs, Muhktar refuses. He lays down his life in order to protect his convictions. His glasses were returned to him by Graziani and Muhltar puts them on to read a passage from the Koran, moments before his hanging. As Omar drops from the gallow, his glasses drop from his clenched hand. They are retrieved by the young boy that had earlier put them. Illustrating the assertion made by Muhktar to Graziani, that the rebellion against the Italian’s would continue and as each man is killed the younger generation will rise to fill their place. How to cite Lion of the Desert, Papers

Story of the Hour and the Storm Essay

Question: How is the imagery of the setting in one Chopin story similar to or different from the imagery in the another one? Answer: Introduction This essay has highlights of two story comparison of Chopin, who was known to be a great writer of her times. The stories selected for this essay are story of the hour and the storm. Chopin is known for finest qualities of writing, wherein she has compared the relevance of life and death in one of the stories and the impact of illegal relationship in the other. In both the stories, the writer has used the best way to express the feelings of the characters. In the first case, Mrs Mallard is suffering from a life threatening heart disease, and has been instructed by doctors to be kept away from any happy or sad news. The second case is one the relationship that developed between two ex-lovers during the occurrence of the storm. Discussion In the first story, the writer depicts about the feelings that is undergone by the main character Mrs Mallard. She was kept away from the news of death about her husband. It is at this time, she goes through different feelings that highlight the concerns of her life. Her mind goes through different questions like how she would live her life and wonder what the meaning of her life is. It is at this time she hears the sounds of the birds and peddlers, something that she had ignored hearing long time back. She realizes that the god of death arriving to grab her, and she then feels a sense of being free. At the time of the story, Mrs Mallard dies after seeing her husband alive (Beer, 2005) Discussion The storm talks about the importance of love in everyones life. In this story, the ex-lovers come physically close to each other during storm. However, everything calms as soon as the storm passes away. In this story, the writer points out the feelings of the ex-lovers, who feel that they love each other, despite of being away from each other for years (Hiroko, 2006). Comparison Both the stories are quite different from each other, but the writer has used the best language to express the feelings of the individuals. Death, love, and life are some of the truths, and the same cannot be denied. The writer has expressed the feelings that is undergone by different characters and state the relevance. In order to express the terms, the author has used some of the interesting phrases that talks about the relevance of such terms about live and death (Shaker, 2003). Conclusion The relationship between the live and death is quite important. In the similar manner, it is equally important to develop positive attitude through which the relationship can be developed and maintained. In this method, the factors that can impact the relationship have to be analysed. This will help in accepting the facts about life and death in the best possible manner. The attitude of different people varies from each other and this is what the author has presented through her writing. References Beer J, 2005. Kate Chopin, Edith Wharton and Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Studies in Short FictionNew York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. Hiroko A, 2006. Beyond and Alone!: The Theme of Isolation in Selected Short Fiction of Kate Chopin, Katherine Anne Porter, and Eudora WeltyLanham, MD: UP of America, 2006. Shaker B, 2003. Coloring Locals: Racial Formation in Kate Chopins Youths Companion StoriesIowa City: U of Iowa P, 2003.

If I Were Primeminister free essay sample

If I were the Prime minister of Nepal The Prime minister of Nepal, a country of peace and tranquility, rules over corers of people and enjoys immense power as the defacto head of the nation compared to the president who is only a de jure or nominal head. If I become the Prime minister by a stroke of luck, I’d exercise all the wide powers by improving the lot of the countries catastrophic and miseries. My first duty as Prime minister would be to form a capable and stable cabinet. I’d give more priority to the distribution of duties of the cabinet ministers. I’d make a list of the important problems. Priority would be given to education, development of industries and agriculture besides tackling the problems of unemployment, poverty, corruption and over-population. My aim as Prime minister would be to make the society conscious of the evils. I’d try to create an atmosphere of sweetness and confidence rather than suspicion and hatred in the field of political activities. We will write a custom essay sample on If I Were Primeminister or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In this regard, I’d respect the views of the opposition. I’d match the mis-match of dwelling standard.My living standard will definitely be matched with the others those who live in slums. I’d direct all ministers to cut their coats according to their cloths. At present, millions people don’t get enough two square meals a day and their children seem roaming in the streets in tattered cloths and bare feet, I’d make all these story of the past. Regarding the existing poverty would be alleviating ensuring genuine economic justice. Adequate food, shelter and employment would be exercised imposing heavy taxes on the countries affluent classes, who spend huge buck recklessly in 5-star hotel.I’d discourage those spend colossal money for solemnizing marriage. I’d rather manage yearly medical check-ups and free medicines those who can’t afford the cost at all. My education policy would be universalizing of elementary education, launching total literacy campaign in a period of 5 years. I’d make education free of cost up to high school for both boys and girls. A voice â€Å"education no tension† or â€Å"each one teach one† would be a motto campaign through media to encourage one and all. Moreover, vocational and agricultural education would be promoted extensively across the nation.I’d follow the policy of cooperation and friendliness among all the countries of the world. Currently caste and communal prejudices govern many decisions but I would let it sprout at any cost. I’d like to take a stern action and boycott viz. flatters, sycophants, hangers-on, smugglers, mafias, girl traffickers, black marketers, intermediaries of social evils. Freedom of press would be prioritized. I’d reform the administration of courts. Especial arrangement would be made for dispensing justice quickly and promptly.Special attention would be given to landless, weavers, scheduled castes and tribes besides providing a special and permanent package to Rahute, Hariya and would be give steepened who have already attained 55 years and above. Since the established of true democracy is the basis of all round wellbeing of the people at large, I’d leave no stone unturned to eliminate the existing undemocratic practices. Equal rights for everyone-rich or poor, elimination of exploitation of labourers by capitalists would be boost up.The would be constitution would be constitution would be drafted creating the elimination of impunity, exercising concrete consensus among all the political parties to render a genuine breakthrough for the progress and prosperity of the nation. If I were the Prime minister of Nepal, I’d try my best to solve the impasse of drafting new constitution conducting a round table conference with all the major and minor political parties to provide a penetrate for the development of the nation providing at least 50% facilities in each field for the women empowerment.Family planning and small scale industries would be much more concerned during my tenure. Cozy conferences, symposiums, and much publicized seminars which cost much most but yield less would be lessened at an alarming rate I don’t know how far I shall be successful in my wish for giving the people the best I can but I hope me sincere attempts wouldn’t fail.

Works by James Fenimore Cooper and William Cullen Bryant †English Literature Essay

Works by James Fenimore Cooper and William Cullen Bryant – English Literature Essay Free Online Research Papers Works by James Fenimore Cooper and William Cullen Bryant English Literature Essay Upon reading works by James Fenimore Cooper it is clear that primeval wilderness scenery was used to capture the attention of his audience. The backdrops to stories as From the Pioneers, allowed for Cooper to introduce vivid and wild challenges to his characters. He was able to show his character’s achievements and flaws through their ability to overcome or fail in such unimaginable conditions. Characters like Natty Bumppo are created to show their life experiences in their physical description. He is an older man, now in his seventies, but of great height. His hair is now grey, his skin sunburned, and his body so thin he is thought to be emaciated. However, this is not the description of a broken man, but rather of a once physically powerful man who now wears his past struggles. His sunburned skin demonstrates that he does rest in preparation for death but rather he is still holding on to his fighting spirit and work ethic. What is most dramatic is that Cooper’s characters are venturing into a land that is actually now more inviting than it once was. This further develops the reader’s opinion of Bumppo as a determined settler of the wild frontier. One who has dedicated his life to this pursuit. This seemingly uninhabited mountain region, where even those who are skilled at horsemanship must be on constant watch, was previously a thousand times more harsh and dreary. Elizabeth Temple and other settlers however see this land as an opportunity and one that is full promise. Not the land of famine and hardships that one might perceive it to be. Cooper’s characters are driven by the hope that they will find and accumulate great wealth. They also feel as though the pain, famine, and disease they have experienced are simply apart of settling this rough territory. In their minds God is smiling down on them for their efforts and surely they will be rewarded for their suffering. In contrast to Cooper’s dreadful imagery there is that which William Cullen Bryant presents. Bryant gives the reader a romantic view of the West that would surely tug at the heart of whoever reads his work. Readers suffering from city life cling to the ideas that Bryant presents. No more overwhelming city noise and congestion that coincides with the rapid growth of east coast cities. The Prairies, a poem telling of a dream through westward prairie land gives the reader a look into the imagination of Bryant. Depictions of vast unchained farm land give the reader the chance to envision themselves gliding through high standing prairie grass and feeling the warm open air rush by them as they venture out to claim their new land. The character seeing Indian burial grounds tells the reader how quickly those things that we hold closest can vanish. Entire cultures, languages, tribes, religious practices, and even love, all gone, and perhaps unnoticed by the unobservant eye. In the last line of The Prairies, Bryant’s character awakes from his dream only to find himself in the wilderness alone. This contradiction to Cooper is quite telling of the wants and desires of an author like Bryant. Though in the poem the venturing man seems alone, he is surrounded by the past that created his present. He is far from lonely! His spirit knows that he is not in a famine struck land, but rather one with a rich history where the deer, the bee, and the ghosts of natives still live on. Research Papers on Works by James Fenimore Cooper and William Cullen Bryant - English Literature EssayMind TravelHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andWhere Wild and West MeetComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Essay

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19th art history, urban - Term Paper Example After the Second World War, the buildings put up were nothing but cheap, which were certain to go down in thirty to fifty years. The bumbling constructions represent a rejection of the past and the future. They do not communicate to any of their own age, hence; we are unwilling to invest in them. Nor do we worry about conventional solutions to the tribulations of climate and lighting since we boast expertise to solve these tribulations (Howard 43). Chronological connectivity gives value and pride to ones living. It puts us in contact with the eternities and ages, thus with the sacred. The course of indifference from the past and the future and from the cycles of climate and light ends up withdrawing us morally and impoverishing us communally (Howard 44). The principles of modern urbanism are the core element of development is the neighborhood which is diverse, restricted in the physical dimension with a focused hub and clear boundaries. The resultant units are districts and corridors. The buildings are restricted to distinguish public space. The street blueprint is a network to form substitute routes among neighborhoods. Public buildings are symbolic and serve as landmarks. An architectural policy may be devised in nonexistence of an accord (Howard

Gaining or Losing Power Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gaining or Losing Power Paper - Essay Example Weiner, a native of New York City and former New York City Council member, has been famous for his straight-forward liberal views and his fiery speeches on the floor of the US House of Representatives (BBC News, 2011). Weiner was forced to resign due to his scandalous online flirtations. After losing political power, Weiner is planning to return back in politics through his wife, Abedin who has been instrumental by supporting Weiner in amassing funds and participating in public events. Weiner knows that winds are not blowing politically in his favor, as â€Å"months ago† he spoke to Bill and Hillary Clinton, who have not backed any candidate in the mayoral race. As he said, â€Å"I have given wide berth to my colleagues in public life because I know I have a lot to prove to them (Bacon, 2013). Weiner is the perfect example of how public leaders gain and lose power in public policy environment. Factors such as communication, leadership, constituents, and organization played a significant role in his gaining and losing power. Weiner’s candidature for the rank of New York mayor was risked through his extra-marital sexting but the news that he might be playing a role in Hillary Rodham Clinton’s 2016 presidential election, if it happens (Bacon, 2013). It only indicates that political power and those who become instrumental for their party leaders in gaining that political power whatever ethical irregularities they commit are ignored by their leaders and the masses after an interval of time. Weier’s wife, Huma Abedin, is sure that future political prospects are going to brighten up for Weiner. It shows that various political ranks like that of Weiner play a significant role as constituents of both losing and gaining power. Weiner (Bacon, 2013) has been forthcoming in accepting his scandalous actions publically for hurting his wife’s political career growth for getting distanced for her insider role with Clinton. This kind of commun ication is going to help Weiner in the long run, as people start viewing the unethical traits of their leaders from human perspective by not awarding lifelong punishment to them and welcoming them back in the leading political environment. Weiner’s own political dignity as US Congressman was endangered when it was revealed that he sent underpants photo, compelling him to publically apologize to his family and his voters although he remained adamant on not submitting his resignation over this revelation. His public acceptance through a news conference, telling that he was "deeply ashamed of my terrible judgment," could possibly break the ice for his political ambitions if it is revealed that he might be engaged for launching a campaign in favor of Hillary Rodham Clinton in 2016 presidential election or there is a possibility that that such falsified communication from Weiner and his wife’s side could bring him and his wife back in the public limelight, giving the expres sion that his mistakes of the past have been forgotten, letting him to start afresh. It could be a communication tactic as well because until this news is confirmed by Clinton herself, nothing can be said for sure (BBC News, 2011). There has been a history of political figures committing blasphemy but with a fine line differentiating their return back, as in the case of Bill Clinton, the US president who survived in office amidst his affair with Monica Lewinsky. And that fine line creating the difference and letting Clinton not lose power has been Clinton’s remark, stating: â€Å"I did not have sexual relations with that woman† (BBC News, 2011). Others who had to lose power include Eliot Spitzer, Governor of New York, who has been a regular visitor of prostitutes from the Emperors Club VIP agency and had to resign in March 2008; Chris Lee, New York

Brief Analysis Of Gender Differences

Brief Analysis Of Gender Differences The language is the way in which people express their thoughts or ideas and is a media for people to communicate with one anther, which has the profound function in the social life. Owing to the differences of their genders, social status, backgrounds, living habits and their values, the languages used by different individuals in the society vary from each other. Among them, the gender differences of languages exist in almost every language of different cultures, thus becoming the eternal topic of language research. Based on the famous American television sitcomFriends ,this paper tries to tries to anatomize the phenomena and causes of gender differences reflected in language by comparing the language features in Friends. Key words: gender differences, language In April 1944 New York University in the United States, the Language and Gender was put into a comprehensive discussion as the central issue by the 44th annual International Language Institute Committee. This fully shows that linguists in modern society regard the Gender differences reflected in language as one of the important indispensable element in sociolinguistic studies. With the development of social linguistics and driving of feminism, the research on gender differences in language has entered the golden age. Gender differences reflected in language shows the differences of peoples cultural traditions, thinking modes and values, researches on this issue have practical significances on the construction of a harmonious, successful language communication between men and women. Firstly, the gender differences of language reflect in the pronunciations. Social linguists think that women compared with the men of same ages are closer to the standard style and have more elegant accents so as to make them look like more educated, and enjoy higher social levels. For instance, the pronunciation of the vowel r is a kind of typical expression of gender differences in pronunciation. In American English, the pronunciation of the vowel r is the symbol of people who have higher education and higher social status, and is the tag of the upper class. Comparing the pronunciations of the heroes and heroines in Friends, we can found that Phoebe, Monica and Rachel tend to use rigorous, elegant and standard pronunciations. However, Chandler and Joey tend to omit or replace one or more syllables, especially the th sound. For words like Thank and Thing ,women tend to have a correct and standard fricative sound ¼Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¼Ã…’while men like Chandler and Joey tend t o have the blasting sound  ¼Ã‚ »t ¼Ã‚ ½. Furthermore, the gender differences of language reflect in the intonations. In language ¼Ã…’intonation refers to the variation of tone when people speak. As for the same words, phrases, and sentences, the differences of the intonations will finally cause the totally widely different expressions. Through the researches on th corpus, the social linguists have fund that women are more likely to use doubtful intonations to show their hesitations, requisitions, and uncertainties ¼Ã…’besides they may have changeable fluctuations. This is a kind of reflection their backwardness, sympathy and psychological characteristics which shows euphemism, kind and tender of women. On the contrary, men are more likely to use falling tone or flat tone to show their firmness and certainty. Besides, their intonations are stable and invariable which shows mens aggression, decisiveness and authority. For example, when people are been asked ,When is he coming back?orWhen does the store open ?.Women would likely give the answer like oh ¼Ã…’à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦around six oclock?with rising ton, while men may give an answer like thishalf past sixin the falling tone with affirmative meanings . Generally speaking, men and women usually stress the different words of the same sentences. For instance, the sentence I wish youd do it. When men are speaking, they highest tone must be put on the most important word do. Women, on the contrary, will reverse the stress. They will read the most important word do in the lowest tone. The reason why women do so is that they want to put out the hint: Although this is very important, yet they dont want to interpose the listener, and it is up to the listener to make a decision. This fully shows the gentle personality of women. In Friends, we can see many examples like this. In the television sitcom, the frequency of the heroines use doubtful intonations is far higher than men, which just suits their female temperament. Men and women also differ from one another in the choice and use of the vocabulary. In general ¼Ã…’The vocabulary of women are much richer and more changeful than men, appropriately showing their delicate feelings. For example, women often use words like super, fantastic, marvelous, splendid and empty these adjectives to express their great excitement and satisfaction, men will only use some simple words like good, well, etc on the contrary. Womens sensitive also urge them to have a closer observation of the colorful world than men do. Thus making them master a sight of color terms and pay attention to the use of these words. Take the color red for example, women may choose to use peach, blossom, pink, plum, crimson, and salmon pink. Men may seldom use or even know about these words only if they often make paintings, decorations, or to do other things which are closely connected with color terms. In the daily life, in order to express their feelings, women often use some adverbs like so, very, quite, much to emphasize the things so as to strengthen the tone. However, words like so, very, quite, much is lengthy and jumbled for men because that their existences will have nothing to with the meanings of the whole sentences. Besides, words like adorable, charming, divine, sweet, lovely, etc are said to be the typical characteristics of women. In friends, the heroines often use vocabulary stressing on the dress on dressing, clothing, chores, children and friendship these little things, while men prefer to use vocabulary involving the sports, politics, economy, culture and also education, etc. As for the use of adorable, charming, divine, sweet, lovely, etc these words, the frequency for women to use these vague words is almost three times as much as mens. Certainly, the difference of language use between men and women also reflects in many places, for example, in syntactic structures. In order to shoe the fully respect to others, women talk in a polite way. They prefer to use isnt it, arent we or dont you in a sentence to offer suggestions, while men would like to use statements to directly express their opinions, commands or requirements, etc. In brief, there are many factors that cause gender differences in language such as personality, culture backgrounds, social experiences and so on, which summarized as the following three aspects. Generally speaking, the physiological factor comes first. According to the modern science research, scientists have found some credible evidence that can explain the difference between men and women in the physiological aspect which finally determines the gender differences in language. The research report shows that men and women tend to use different parts of their brains to learn the language which naturally causes the different use of language. Mens and womens different vocal organs also lead to a significant gender differences in language. Men have a big throat, long vocal cords and the vibration for men is slow, therefore the voice of male is apparently low and vigorous. On the contrary, women have a much higher intonation and tone than men do. What comes secondly is the cultural and psychological factor. Almost in every country of different cultures, people have different criteria for the mens and womens behaviors. Women are asked to speak like a lady, to be more specific, to have accurate pronunciation and gentle voice, while the vulgar language of men is often accepted by all. Finally, men and women develop into totally different dictions. Lastly, the social factor is also the key that cause the gender difference in the use of language. In peoples eyes, women are subordinated to the men and enjoy a quite low social position in society. To this point, men and women play different gender roles in their daily life which finally leads to the lack of confidence of women. Obviously, the reason why womens language style is different from mens is closely related to the traditional social values. Gender differences have been in language use for a long time. And many researches have shown that language, gender, and society are closely connected with each other. Thus, in a nutshell, the development of the research on the gender differences in language will finally disclose the more detailed difference between men and women speakers and truly it is of great value in cross-gender communication.

The Tragically Paradoxical Role of Women in Ancient Roman Society :: Essays Papers

The Tragically Paradoxical Role of Women in Ancient Roman Society In nervous preparation for the essay section of my history final, I found myself fascinated by Livy’s anecdotes concerning the common thread of violence against women. Livy, a Roman historian, wrote a significant number of volumes concerning the ride and fall of the Roman Empire. Three stories in particular, the rape of the Sabine women, the rape of Lucretia, and the death of Verginia, shed light on the ancient Roman female as a surrogate victim blamed for her gender and sexuality in relation to men. While considering the themes of March’s Women’s HerStory Month and now April’s Domestic Violence Awareness month, I thought it might be relevant to raise awareness of women’s struggles during this time. Such a reflection would spur progress towards a society that fosters nonviolence and gender equality. One should note how the women involved in these stories face a fundamental and perhaps ethical paradox in their situation. Many articles in learned journals refer to Livy’s rape of the Sabine women as a myth, but I believe a kernel of truth shines through this supposed fiction to reveal how the aggressive and selfish character of the early Romans imposed themselves on the lives of unknowing, innocent Sabine women. In 715 BC, Rome was experiencing rapid expansion so Romulus, the current leader, faced a problem in his ambition to increase the population. There existed no intermarriage among neighboring communities and consequently, the Romans felt resentful. Due to a shortage of woman, the Romans actually faced extinction at this time. So Rome staged a celebration of the Consualia, a festival in honor of Neptune, patron of the horse. Citizens came from nearby towns such as Caenina, Crustumium, Antemnae, and all the Sabines. However, when the show began, all the able-bodied Roman men rushed through the crowd and seized all the young women. As a result, war broke out between the Sabines and the Romans and it was the woman who actually emerged to unite their husbands and fathers, blaming themselves for the war (while they were the true victims). Livy claims that the nature of a women’s heart caused them to sympathize with their husbands, who had kidnapped them and taken them from their homes. â€Å"The men, too, played their part: they spoke honeyed words and vowed that it was passionate love which prompted their offense. No plea can better touch a woman’s heart† (Livy 44).

Extra Curricular Activities

Megan Gilmore Mrs. Jones AP English 11 January 30, 2012 Students’ Behavior and Extra Curricular Activities Over the course of my high school career, I have encountered many different types of people and have learned that the opinions of each are as varied as the individuals they correspond with. Every single one has his or her own perception about staying after school for a multitude of reasons and activities. Some, like me, have a stronger opinion than others. I maintain the belief that, when a student stays after school, he not only experiences benefits mentally but also physically.A number of researchers have questioned, hypothesized, and examined the effects of after-school activities on children’s health as well as on their grades. Studies have been completed over the past few decades, and many interesting facts have been discovered. One example being â€Å"a big increase in the number of school children participating in after-school programs: 8. 4 million youngst ers compared with 6. 5 million in 2004,† according to Home Alone. This dramatic increase in the number of students staying after school can be the result of several things.One possibility is that transportation is readily available to the students if a parent or guardian is unable to pick up the child. Students could also be coming to the realization that staying after school gives them energy to go home and actually finish the homework that was assigned. For example, let’s say that a student loves playing basketball but the school doesn’t offer a team. This student is missing out on the opportunity to exercise both his body and his mind. Now if the school did offer a basketball team and the student joined, every time he had to stay after to practice, he stimulates his body, which includes his brain.Then, when practice was over, he would have the energy and brain stimulation to finish his homework. When choosing a school for their children, many parents have to t ake into consideration the charges for education, in addition to any fees for participation in an after-school program. In fact, cost is one of the major factors that play into the reasons why parents keep children from participating in after-school functions. Costs can include actual charges for the program, either in time or dollars, and expenses incurred for providing transportation.However, according to Home Alone, â€Å"After-school programs are a cost-effective way to boost student achievement, reduce juvenile crime and help overstressed working parents. † Yes, if parents pick up their children from the school, the expenditure for gas money is less than the outlay to pay a babysitter every day or to arrange weekly accommodations at a daycare center for watching the children. A more constructive alternative would be to let them stay at school to either continue their education or play a sport to release built up stress; then parents could just pick them up on their way h ome from work.Now there are some parents that, even if they have the time or money, will not let their children stay after school. Reasons for this include not wanting to expose the children to the delinquents that have to stay for detention afterwards. Some even say that playing sports will distract children from his/her studies because the student will focus on the game and not the school work. According to Bill Varian, â€Å"Students involved in extracurricular activities receive better grades than those who are not involved in extracurricular activities. In addition, activities improve the overall student.Therefore, they help students to receive better grades by teaching them character building lessons, teaching them lifelong skills, saving some at-risk students who would possibly drop out of school, and helping students develop social skills. † We can reasonably ascertain, then, that after-school activities not only help children grow and develop now, but participating i n the undertakings also prepare them for a better, more fulfilling future. Another major factor that plays a role is the effect that the programs would have on a student’s life.Each and every student has a different life when he/she leaves school. Some have to go to work to help their parents pay the bills, while others can sit back and relax while a butler makes a snack, finishes their homework, and cleans the house. I have even seen some children go home to parents who think the child was a mistake and want nothing to do with him/her. According to Lee Shumow, â€Å"The children that are the most prone to actually gaining anything, in particular educational achievement, from after-school programs are the ones from high-risk backgrounds.Although, children that come from these backgrounds are the ones to have the least availability to the programs. † Many of the children that are classified in the high-risk background are the ones that people think will be the troublema kers in the community. But, if you take these children off the streets and keep them after school a few extra hours a day, they can develop bonds with other children so that ultimately they will stay away from drugs, alcohol, weapons, and the people who would tempt them to encounter and develop such habits.According to Mary Rombokas, including high-risk children in after-school activities â€Å"lessens the number of disciplinary problems later down the line. † Some parents turn to the school to provide a â€Å"day care† in essence. So that if the parents are not home, then they can let the children stay at school a few extra hours so that they don’t have to worry about leaving them at home. According to Home Alone â€Å"In 2009, over 15. 1 million children were left home alone and unsupervised after the school day had finished. This is more than a quarter of America’s school children and an 800,000 increase from 2004.These statistics includes 4 percent o f elementary and 30 percent of middle school students. † Many of these parents more than likely don’t like leaving their children at home, but they have no other choice; it may be the only thing they can do unless more programs became available to students. â€Å"Parents of 18. 5 million students say they would enroll their children in an after-school program if one were available. These numbers represent a hugely missed opportunity. A majority of publicly financed after-school programs serve low-income students.They offer help with schoolwork, sports activities, and other enrichment known to translate into improved school attendance and higher graduation rates and lower rates of teenage pregnancy, drinking, delinquency and drug use,† according to Home Alone. I realize that there are some parents who, no matter how much documentation is provided, will never change their minds about allowing their children to stay after school. However, there are alternative optio ns for their children to having them staying on school grounds after the school day has ended.Some students have the buses drop them off at facilities that will look after the children and have them play games or do homework in groups so that social skills can be developed. In addition, playing sports or group games help the children use their mental abilities by having them think on their feet so that later in life they will be able to overcome a problem not only with better results but also more quickly. Many of these places cost little to no money at all. Some parents may want to personally take some time to play or work with their children.There are places available to help them in their endeavors. Almost every community has a center called the YMCA. For a nominal fee, parents can share a variety of activities with their children. Or, if a student is having difficulties in school that a parent cannot help with, older children can provide tutoring while the parents work out in an other room. In a case like this, both sides benefit. Works Cited â€Å"Home Alone. † New York Times. 20 Oct. 2009: A30(L). Infotrac Newsstand. Web. 5 Jan. 2012. Lee, Shumow. â€Å"Academic Effects of After-School Programs. Champaign, IL:ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education. Print. Narine, Shari. â€Å"Federal funding for after school program. † Alberta SweetgrassOct. 2010: 6. Infotrac Newsstand. Web. 5 Jan. 2012. O’Dea, James. â€Å"The Effect of Extra-Curricular Activities on AcademicAchievement. † Drake University; 1994. Print. Varian, Bill. â€Å"Kid programs returning; Commissioners agree to draw up a plan forafter school programs in 18 more parks. † St. Petersburg Times[St. Petersburg, FL] 25 Aug. 2011: 1B. Infotrac Newsstand. Web. 5 Jan. 2012.

Mrs Fields Cookies Essay Example

Mrs Fields Cookies Essay Example Mrs Fields Cookies Paper Mrs Fields Cookies Paper When doing business in the retail industry, one thing many people take for granted is the service aspect. Not only are you selling a product or multitude of various products, but you are also selling a service, which includes helping customers, being friendly, and making sure they enjoy their day. This is exactly what Debbi Fields is an expert at. She stated, I will also tell you that, to me, Ive never felt like I was in the cookie business. Ive always been in a feel good feeling business. My job is to sell joy. My job is to sell happiness. My job is to sell an experience. Debbi took her people skills and turned them into money-making skills despite having an original agenda of baking great cookies. When she was convinced otherwise, the company exploded and her need to be able to control every store became impossible. That is where her husband came into play the most, and his integration of an information system into the strategy. More important than monitoring the stores basic business functions was the preservation of the factors that made the stores a success in the first place Debbi Fields marketing techniques. Her experience was captured in expert systems that every store could access at any time, via Retail Operations Intelligence systems. (Newquist, 1990) The implementation of the Retail Operations Intelligence (ROI) was perfectly parallel with Mrs. Fields business objectives and beliefs. As stated earlier, she believed employees should spend their time focusing on the customer and ensuring an enjoyable visit. The ROI system simplified the paperwork process and significantly cut the amount of time that managers would need to spend in the office analyzing numbers or doing interviews. The development of the Retail Operations Intelligence systems by Randi Fields was a new look to the entire way businesses in the industry, or all businesses for that matter, operate internally. Substitute products still exist just as they did before the use of Mrs. Fields Cookies and their ROI system. Consumers have the option of eating anything else as they did before: sit-down restaurants, fast food, food courts at a mall (since it is the first major location of Mrs. Fields Cookies), ice cream shops, or people could choose not to eat at the time at all. Competition between firms included many of the niche market business mentioned above as shopping malls represented the largest source of spontaneous business for specialty stores. Competition for the most favorable mall locations next to large apparel stores, as opposed to the food court was fierce. As most malls had few such locations, developers were selective about the stores they allowed outside the food courts. The ROI system did not have a great influence on bargaining power for buyers. They still have the option to pay the price that Mrs. Fields Cookies are sold for or choose not to buy. Of course, if more customers choose not to buy, the employees will seek out potential customers to give samples too, which in turn is giving the buyer some power because they can receive the product at times for no price at all. The companys use of an IS system did not have any affect on how they dealt with suppliers. The suppliers hold the power due to the loyalty to the original vendors by Mrs. Fields. This is evident by her $6.6 million purchase of chocolate from the same supplier the company had used on its first day of business. This decision truly showed Debbis way of thinking when doing business, whether it be selling cookies or buying the ingredients. She liked being treated like she was the only customer and thats the way she treated her customers. The uses of the ROI system by managers can be attributed as strengths to Mrs. Fields Cookies, because managers can work closely with their employees and meet and greet customers instead of spending ours doing monotonous office work. The strategic goal of the IS area, according to Randy Fields, was to put as much decision making and intelligence into the store level PC as is necessary to free the manager to do those thing that uniquely people do. Weaknesses can also arise from the dependent uses of the system by managers. If security or availability isnt kept up to the fullest, the system could be at risk. Would the managers be able to successfully run the store without having to depend on the ROI system? The development of Randis system can greatly increase the productivity as it relates to the value chain. One aspect that is improved is Inbound Logistics; most notably the inventory control. If Mrs. Fields Cookies has a strict policy against leaving baked cookies unsold for more than two hours, the amount of inventory has to be controlled to a reasonable level so that revenue numerous batches of cookies are not being lost due to not being sold. The Sales/Marketing aspect can also be increased by having the manager be more involved in the employee activities and face-to-face confrontations with customers. The company has since taken advantage of their system and formed Fields Software Group Inc. in 1988 to develop and market the ROI system. Since then, 8 companies, including Burger King Corp., have agreed to purchase the system. (Personnel Journal, 1991) This business action was needed due to a few failures (which have been since corrected) which include the opposition of franchising, bad financial decisions, the acquisition of LPB, and partial miss-use of the IS. The company did not do enough research when they decided to go public on the London Exchange and it showed as they were not very successful, with much of the doubt concerning the lack of will to franchise. They also did not properly integrate with the acquisition of LPB and consequently suffered at the time. And lastly, as was covered before, the use of IS deskilled the work force and they were dependant on the system alone for decision making. To extend her vision Mrs. Fields decided to start franchising the business in 1990Its now the rarest of franchise opportunities. A new dynamic opportunity thats backed by name recognition and approval from worldwide consumers. (mrsfields.com, 2004) The franchise company Mrs. Fields Famous Brands now includes many household businesses including Mrs. Fields Original Cookies, TCBY, Pretzel Time, Great American Cookies, and Pretzelmaker. Debbi Fields has taken a childhood love for cookies and developed it into an extremely successful business by focusing on a specific niche market and utilizing customers instincts for snacks. She also implemented numerous new or at least uncommon business strategies as she states herself, And so the difference was bringing, in essence, something that was considered a commodity and making it unique and different. And the best way I did that was what I call try and buy, letting people try it with the opportunity that if they like it, theyd actually make a purchase.

I intend to address this question by firstly Essay Example

I intend to address this question by firstly Essay Example I intend to address this question by firstly Essay I intend to address this question by firstly Essay I intend to turn to this inquiry by foremost puting out the footings of the Accession Treaty of 2003 in relation to the legal model of the transitional agreements which were applied to migratory workers from the freshly acceded eight cardinal and eastern European member provinces but non to the two Mediterranean provinces viz. Cyprus and Malta. I will so travel on to exemplify why some of the EU’s 15 member provinces chose to enforce these limitations, like Germany and Austria whilst others like the United Kingdom and the EIRE, for illustration did non. I will so show a decision based on all the available grounds, produced in a mensural manner. The Accession Treaty of 2003 concerned the accession to the European Union of the Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia. This was a Treaty signed in Athens on the 16Thursdayof April 2003. The Treaty provided for the accession of the above 10 new Member States to the European Union on the 1stof May 2004. The Treaty is divided into three parts including foremost, a Treaty between the 15 bing and the 10 new Member States, secondly an Act refering the conditions how the new member provinces would fall in the European brotherhood and any necessary amendments to the Treaties on which the European Union was founded, and eventually a Final Act of the parties to the Treaty. The Treaty granted subjects of Cyprus and Malta the same rights to work in another Member State as would hold been enjoyed by subjects of the bing 15 Member States. Those who came from theeight relevant provinces, viz. Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia nevertheless were the topic of the transitional commissariats in inquiry. These transitional commissariats were set out in Annexes V, VI, VIII, IX, X, XII, XIII and XIV of the Act of Accession described in the above paragraph. A brief sum-up of the transitional agreements follows that: for the first two old ages after accession ( i.e. until 30 April 2006 ) , Member States are free to use national steps or bilateral understandings curtailing the rights of subjects from the eight relevant provinces to work in their districts ; from 1 May 2006, Member States musteithergrant subjects from the eight relevant states the right to travel freely for the intent of work in conformity with Community jurisprudence,orcontinue to use national steps or bilateral understandings – up to 30 April 2009 ( or 2011, in exceeding fortunes ) . Prior to 1 May 2006, any Member State that has non imposed limitations on free motion of workers from the eight relevant provinces, or has relaxed them in the meantime, is free to enforce them or re-impose them.After that day of the month, any Member State that has granted the right of free motion in conformity with Community jurisprudence can bespeak the Commission to suspend in whole or in portion the application of that jurisprudence if the Member State undergoes or foresees perturbations to its labor market which could earnestly endanger the criterion of life or degree of employment in a given part or business.Such suspensions can last at most until 30 April 2011.[ 1 ] The focal point of the transitional agreements are clear from the paragraph above, the kernel of which is, in the initial 2 old ages following the pact, to let the bing members provinces to modulate the employment activity of subjects coming from the eight relevant new member provinces. Harmonizing to paragraph 1 the disparagements merely applies to free motion of workers and services and so does non use to freedom of constitution ( i.e. the freelance ) or motion for any other intent ( as pupils, pensionaries or self-sufficing individuals ) . These freedoms apply instantly upon entry into force of the new accession pact. Paragraphs 2 to 12 concern workers and paragraph 13 concerns both services and workers. Paragraph 2 provided that national in-migration jurisprudence will use to workers traveling fro Slovakia for two old ages, with a possible extension to five old ages. This rule’s range is limited to Articles 1-6 of Regulation 1612/68. Paragraph 3 required a reappraisal of the transitional period after two old ages but the consequences of the reappraisals were non adhering on those Member States that still wished to keep their national controls on workers. Even after five old ages under paragraph 5 the Member States could claim that there were serious perturbations of its labour market or menace thereof . This could ensue in the Member State applying limitations for a farther two old ages, upon presentment to the Commission. The discretion to go on limitations put with the Member States and was non capable to tribunal intervention. Member States such as the UK and Eire, which applied full free motion of workers had a particular precaution for seven old ages under paragraph 7. They needed the Commission’s permission to use it, a determination which could be overruled by the Council. A broad application of a full labor market was allowed by member provinces under paragraph 12 and after 2 old ages could ensue in application of full European Union regulations. Paragraph 13 allowed Germany to use limitations on the proviso of specified services for the whole of the seven-year passage period. In Declaration 20 of the Final Act it was recognised that these limitations apply to Austria and Germany’s entire district. Article 37 of the Act of Accession allows a precaution to be applied within the first three old ages after accession if there were major ec onomic troubles. As one can garner from this extended analysis of the statute law, the Germans and Austrian concerns were borne through and take into consideration in the existent pact. [ 2 ] In footings of why the limitations remained in some member provinces and other non, Baroness Scotland gives the United Kingdom Standpoint by stating: The United Kingdom has ever been proud of its tradition of tolerance, and we believe that we will profit both culturally and economically from new EU citizens. It makes sense for citizens of the new member provinces to be able to work, lend to our economic system and pay revenue enhancements. They will spread out the scope of accomplishments and supply of workers in the UK economic system. It is true that some other member provinces will non open their labor markets. It is because their markets are less unfastened and less flexible than ours that they perform less good. If one were to inquire any of ourable economic experts, they would corroborate that it is the loss of the other states that they choose that way. It is wholly natural that others should wish to come to this state to lend to and portion in our success, and this is to be welcomed.[ 3 ] Her statement outlines the economic, societal and cultural grounds why she sought non to enforce the limitations and gives some penetration into why other member provinces did. Germany and Austria were concerned plenty about an inflow of immigrants to enforce the limitations. At paragraph 60 of the study Chapter 3: the Impact of the last expansion it was said: In states where people think that they have been well affected by the 2004 expansion, resistance to future expansions is peculiarly strong. This applies peculiarly to Austria and Germany- which are geographically near to the new Member States and have received a important portion of workers from these states even in front of their accession. It besides applies to France and the Netherlands, whicH feared a loss of influence and individuality in the enlarged Union ( Q 56 ) While the people in the old EU-15 fright chiefly the economic effects of expansion, political elites are more concerned with the impact on how an EU of 25 ( and shortly 27 or 28 ) Member States functions.[ 4 ] Here once more we see the economic concerns of member provinces who were closer in propinquity to the relevant new member provinces, and besides some frights for loss of political power due to the expansion. Ironically at paragraph 77 of the above study the economic experts say that although most of the old EU Member States, trade and investing links with the campaigner states were merely excessively little to hold a direct, mensurable impact on their economic systems, the lone exclusions to this are Germany and Austria, which conduct important trade with the new members and, alongside France and the Netherlands, history for the biggest portion of foreign investing at that place. It is these states that are likely to be among the biggest net victors from expansion. Arguably nevertheless at the clip these frights were justified as 60 per cent of the about one million East Europeans who had moved to the EU before accession went to Germany, with Austria taking another 5-10 per cent. Thi s is a immense figure of up to 70 per cent spread between merely 2 of the 15 bing member provinces, prior to the execution of the Accession Treaty. In decision it can be seen that the footings of the Accession pact were full and the transitional agreements played an of import function in modulating how the subjects of the new 8 provinces, incorporated into the labor market within the EU. The limitations on free motion are surely noteworthy within this respect. It is clear that economic and cultural considerations were behind why some member provinces chose to enforce limitations and others didn’t. Most markedly nevertheless, the experience of Germany in holding an inflow of East European migrators even before the Accession Treaty gives some acceptance to their evidences for resistance of Accession and infliction of the limitations. Bibliography European Accession Bill: Explanatory notes HMSO hypertext transfer protocol: //64.233.183.104/search? q=cache: csIIsFsw9n0J: www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/EU % 2520 ( Accessions ) % 2520Bill % 2520 % 2520Explanatory % 2520Notes,0.doc+Accession+treaty+2003 A ; hl=en A ; gl=uk A ; ct=clnk A ; cadmium Chapter 3: the Impact of the last enlargement HMSO hypertext transfer protocol: //www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldeucom/273/27306.htm Peers, Stuart, Statewatch: Evaluation of the EU Accession Treaty www.statewatch.org/news/2003/feb/accession.pdf House of Lords, Friday, 23 April 2004: Accession ( Immigration and Worker Registration ) Regulations 2004 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200304/ldhansrd/vo040423/text/40423-01.ht m Regulation 1612/68

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Leadership - Essay Example On the other hand, an ineffective and unsuccessful team may be witnessed from a group of people who are greatly focused on gratifying self-interests and are often engaged in unnecessary arguments with one another. Members of such team assert themselves to no avail and exercise ‘crab mentality’ where individual functions and the task of decision-making seem unclear. For instance, in the event that members keep complaining about not meeting personal expectations yet lack the responsibility to follow the leader and contribute to the productivity of the team, there only emerges poor performance with no sense of fulfillment. Sources: AchieveMarketing. â€Å"Effective and Successful Teams: Is It Teamwork or Performance that Matters?† HubPages. Retrieved from http://achievemarketing.hubpages.com/hub/Effective-and-Successful-Teams-Is-it-Teamwork-or-Performance-that-Matters on July 9, 2012. Hager, Timothy D. â€Å"Effective and Ineffective Team Characteristics.† Enr ichment Journal. Retrieved from http://enrichmentjournal.ag.org/200304/082_stf04_teamchar_sb.cfm on July 9, 2012. (2) Scenario: Given that I am managing a team of eight members whose major task involves architectural design of a commercial site, I have 4 individuals (group A) assigned to come up with one particular scheme while the other 4 (group B) ought to create an alternative so that our client can decide based on the project design that suits their requirements well. In the process, people consult me for further insights besides their resources and group A consists of members who have tenured as much as my length of stay in the organization, being colleagues who are within my circle of intimate relations. Group B, on the other hand, is composed of members who have just been regularized in the company and compared to group A, they are younger, competitive, more dynamic, and most of all, are highly eager to obtain promotion and pay increase. With the first 2 quarters, the client has consistently expressed satisfaction with the progress report of group B and yet on the third quarter, the client wavers decision between the two designs, rationalizing that they also perceive huge potentials from the work of group A, considering future systems. Both divisions worked hard and persevered creatively in my regular assessment, it is just that while group B delivers optimum results, they rarely share ideas to group A though the latter encourages open communication within the team. Then I am about to evaluate performances per group where only one group is entitled to appraisal and one group to receive award after the site project is through. To resolve my ethical dilemma as a manager, I suppose it would be fair for group B to have the award and for group A to be appraised, thinking that people who are focused on obtaining personal achievements should be rewarded right away whereas those who are greatly concerned about teamwork and are more disposed to keep healthy soci al relations and behavior within the entire organization must be found deserving of appraisal. Source: â€Å"Ethics Dilemmas – Hypothetical Scenarios.† Retrieved from http://www.ccat-ctac.org/downloads/2004_Felter_Juteau_e.pdf on July 9, 2012. (3) Diverse organization, as I see it, pertains to an organization consisting of members of various

Ohio's Wetlands Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ohio's Wetlands - Term Paper Example Some of the swamps of Ohio are the Slate Run Metropark, Wilson Swamp, and, the Scofield Swamp that is well-known for its seasonal flora like â€Å"white water-cup† and â€Å"pigweed† which are scientifically known as â€Å"Ranunculus longirostris Godron† and â€Å"Amaranthus hybridus† respectively growing in winter and summer. The bogs of Ohio are swallow wetlands that are comparatively cold than other swamps and have a number of water-weeds like â€Å"floating sphagnum mat, swamp loosestrife†¦leatherleaf†¦and tamarack† (EPA, n.d.). Ohio’s most famous bog is â€Å"Triangle Lake Bog†. The Sheldons Marsh in Ohio is a â€Å"lagoon wetland and swamp forest that has developed behind a narrow barrier beach† and it is enriched with a number of fauna such as â€Å"waterfowl and migratory songbird habitat during the spring and fall migrations† (EPA). Ohio’s vernal pools are wetlands, small in size, that are locate d in the â€Å"Drew woods† and â€Å"Gahanna Woods†. It is reported in a fact sheet, prepared by the â€Å"State of Ohio Environmental Protection Agency† (2007), that the wetlands of Ohio â€Å"provide a haven for rare and endangered plants, and one-third of the all endangered species depend on wetlands for survival. Many wetlands are important fish spawning and nursery areas, as well as nesting, resting and feeding areas for waterfowl.† (p.1) The wetlands and the Marshes of Ohio have a long history and have undergone significant changes due to the hostility of men. It has affected the environment of the area while destroying the reserve of flora and fauna. Indeed majority of the wetlands of the Ohio State â€Å"were drained and filled to make way for farms, roadways, houses and other development† (ONDR, n.d.). With the progress of industrial civilizations, a large portion of the wetlands in the state has disappeared. The Ohio Department of Natural Resource reports that â€Å"nearly

Who Was CELIA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Who Was CELIA - Essay Example Celia participated also in singing contest where she won many of them. As she grew up, she realized that her career was in music and assumed that her music created awareness to the world about the Cuban culture and the happiness of living life to the fullest (Tatum, 1002). In 1947, Celia enrolled to study at the Cuban Conservatory of Music and was discovered by one of the most famous orchestras called music group La Sonora Matancera. In 1960s, Celia moved to United States where she became a citizen due to political changes in Cuba. A few years later, she married Pedro Knight who was a trumpet player in her group. Celia recorded and performed with many musicians and became the voice of Salsa. While performing, she would wear colorful clothing and bright makeup on her face. Also, her dancing was energetic like her voice. Celia died in 2003 as a result of brain cancer (Tatum, 1003). In conclusion, it is evident that Celia was the Queen of salsa. Also, she had the passion of music since her childhood. Also, Celia created awareness to the world about the Cuban culture and the happiness of living life to the

Atmosphere and Fossil Fuel Inputs Essay Example for Free

Atmosphere and Fossil Fuel Inputs Essay 1. Weather and Climate. Discuss the concept of energy/mass conservation as it pertains to the climate system. Be sure to address each component of the climate system in your example and feel free to use multiple examples if necessary to address each component. 2. Facts and Fiction. Explain the figure below. Be sure to address the three key components discussed in class as well as the overall (net) anthropogenic impacts on global warming. 3. Atmospheric Composition Structure. Draw a diagram labeling the five atmospheric layers discussed in class as well as the ozone layer. On your diagram, list the significance of each layer. 4. Atmospheric Circulation. Calculate the residence time of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere given the figure of the carbon cycle below. You can assume that the ocean, soil, vegetation and fossil fuel inputs together make the rate. 5. Ozone. Compare and contrast the two types of ozone depletion. Be sure to discuss the cause(s) of each, the impacts of each and the location of each at a minimum.

Half Of A Yellow Sun Chimamanda Adichie English Literature Essay

Half Of A Yellow Sun Chimamanda Adichie English Literature Essay After reading Chimamanda Ngozi Adichies enthralling novel, Half of a Yellow Sun is not a conventional war story. It is a story whose characters live in a changing wartime atmosphere, doing their best to keep that environment at bay. And while the ravages of the Biafran war are well known, they do not manifest themselves in predictable or one-note ways here. From reading the reviews, I learned that this is the authors second novel. It is written with astounding empathy and the natural grace of a normal storyteller, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie weaves together the lives of three characters swept up in the turbulence of the decade. In this literary analysis, I plan on examining aspects of the literary elements that Adichie incorporates as far as her writing style and her reasons for depicting certain elements in certain light. I also plan to break down some characterizations and cultural elements of her novel that I relate to in trying to understand inter-racial/class conflict. Finally, I l ook at how Adichie transforms her characters throughout the novel. Although this analysis may not follow a clearly defined stream, much like the novel does, rest assured that I cover all my bases. The characters and landscape are vividly painted -thirteen year old Ugwu is employed as a houseboy for a university professor full of revolutionary zeal. Olanna is the professors beautiful mistress, who has abandoned her life of privilege in Lagos for a grimy university town and the charisma of her new lover. And Richard is a shy young Englishman courting Olannas twin sister, an enigmatic figure who refuses to belong to anyone. As Nigerian troops advance and the three must run for their lives, their ideals are severely tested and so are their loyalties to one another. In my opinion, the central theme revolves around moral responsibility, about the end of colonialism, about ethnic allegiances, and about class and race. Adichie indicts the outside world for its unconcern and probes the arrogance and ignorance that perpetuated the conflict. Based loosely on political events in nineteen-sixties Nigeria, this novel focuses on Olanna who falls for the imperious academic whose political convictions mask his personal weaknesses; meanwhile, Kainene becomes involved with a shy, studious British white man who struggles to find his place within this conflict though he identifies with the Biafrans. After a series of massacres targeting the Igbo people, the proper world of the two couples breaks down. Half of a Yellow Sun is concerned with class and race and ethnicity which seem to play the biggest role in the relationships of characters to one another. Ugwu is only thirteen when he begins working as a houseboy for Odenigbo, but he is one of the most intelligent and observant characters in the novel. His presence throughout affects the readers experience of the story because he is initially a naive outsider looking in but by the end of the novel he comes into his own. Good or bad, life and the war situation change him into a veteran and he chronicles his experiences during the war. The ways in which Adichie reveals the differences in social class among her characters is also culturally relevant. There are the different cultural assumptions made by educated Africans like Odenigbo, nouveau riche Africans like Olannas parents, uneducated Africans like Odenigbos mother, and British expatriates like Richards ex-girlfriend Susan. Adichie seems to poke fun at certain aspects of her characters, take Odenigbo for instance; the war changes him from educated political debater to a squalid drunk and really displays the power shift in roles. Once he was the stolid figure in the novel, Olanna seems to take that place while he degenerates due to the war scenario. In reading the novel, I couldnt help but express a connection between the Holocaust and the Biafran situation. I found myself questioning why are the Igbo being massacred by the Hausa? I could only attribute their conflict to tribal resentments and rivalries. The novel makes clear that these rivalries have been intensified by British interference supplying the Hausa with money, weapons and ammunitions. Also conveyed by some excerpts throughout the book, the British had to preserve Nigeria as they saw fit a spite of France and to perpetuate their large market. They also rewrote the constitution to give the north control over the central government and even fixed the elections in their favor. Given the history of Nigeria and Britains support during the war, the defeat of Biafra seems a foregone conclusion but I can understand why a people oppressed would revolt. Adichie breaks the chronological sequence of her story so that she can delay the revelation that Baby is not Olannas child and that Olanna had a brief liaison with Richard. The effects of these revelations tell of a cultural dilemma. The babys mother rejects her, Odenigbos mother rejects her for not being a son, yet Olanna shows her true courage in accepting the baby as her own. Adichie makes a point of displaying Olannas middle-class frame of mind. She is disgusted at the cockroach eggs in her cousins house and is reluctant to let Baby mix with village children because they have lice, but by the end of the novel her privileged outlook changed by the war. It is remarkable that a woman so young could write a novel of this scope. There is a human face on these struggles, and being Nigerian-Igbo I can relate to them. Bearing witness to violence and death changes people in the story. Adichie handles descriptions of scenes of violence, death, and famine in an almost brutal and nonchalant way. I can only image what goes through Ugwus mind being that he participates in the rape of the bar girl then finds out that his sister was also gang-raped. Richard, on the other hand, seems like he wants to be African, learns to speak Igbo, and says we when he speaks of Biafra. Although the Biafran soldiers are not impressed, it seems a noble gesture to want to be an Igbo man. Reading this book has deepened my understanding of Biafra in particular and war in general each character make difficult moral judgments. I find myself being least sympathetic to Olanna when she cheats in retaliation, to Ugwu when he rapes the bar-girl, to Eberechi for exchanging favors for security from the soldier, even to Odenigbos mother when she chases Olanna out of the house. Each of the major characters also deal with the question of identity who they are, how they want to be? It is evident that the circumstance in any culture dictates how people act and react and justify their behavior. In this case, survival between two tribes was the catalyst in a previously stable country, language reinforce the novelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²s themes of racial and social division. For example, Ugwuà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²s love of the English language, or the mixing of dialects and words throughout the novel. Even in Richardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²s character, he seems like an outsider. I feel sympathy for him and a lthough his character adds extra insight into the Nigeria/Biafra war, I think that he is much like a ghost roaming the entire novel looking for a place to fit in. That is why it is particularly sad at the end of the novel when Kainene doesnt return as she would have been the only person to allow Richard to assimilate into the culture. In conclusion, the story is one of survival and remembrance from an Igbo perspective; it is important story to retell. The story begins as Ugwus aunty describes to Ugwu his new employer: Master was a little crazy; he had spent too many years reading books overseas, talked to himself in his office, did not always return greetings, and had too much hair. It ends with Ugwus dedication of his book: For Master, my good man. I can only consider how Ugwus relation to his master has changed throughout the course of the story, it fitting that Ugwu, and not Richard, should be the one who writes the story of the war and his people. It was a surprise to discover that Ugwu was the author of The World was Silent When We Died? I found this a great twist and I didnt see it coming. Since loyalty and betrayal is one of the dominant themes throughout the novel, the key characters betray each other, or themselves repeatedly but the greater threat from an outside enemy helps to put things in perspective and enable them to forgive and move on and provides for unification. I found the end of the story sad but settling since the Igbos returned to their homes, I cannot image having to flee from my home due to racial or tribal persecution.

Dr. Mengele Essay -- essays research papers

The life story of Josef Mengele is one that is filled many twists and turns that play out like a suspense story with an ending that does not seem to fit what one would expect. The authors of the book Mengele: The Complete Story, Gerald L. Posner and John Ware, wrote this book largely with information taken from diaries and letters of Mengele’s, and interviews with those who knew him. It is a look into the life and times of a man whose nickname was “The Angel of Death.'; Josef’s life and post-mortem fate could be divided into three different chapters. His pre-war life and life during World War II was one of privilege and freedom to satisfy his perverse desire to perform bizarre and mostly useless medical experiments on unwilling participants in Nazi death camps. His post-war life consisted of being constantly on the run; a lonely and depressed fugitive wanted by countries worldwide for the atrocities he committed against Jews, Poles, Gypsies, and others during World War II. His lonely death by drowning, in Brazil, and humiliating post-mortem fate suited the man well. Although this report might seem to follow a chronological order, it is not simply a telling of a life story. It is a look into who Josef Mengele was, and how he changed over the years. The authors underlying main theme, throughout the book, seemed to be to show that Josef Mengele was not who his infamous legend would dictate. It is true that he was a cold and ruthless killer who murdered thousands of innocent people. He earned the nickname “The Angel of Death'; for the way he would remain calm and composed while performing such torturous an act as a live dissection of a human being. He had a sick fascination with twins. He believed that twins held the secret to discovering how to perfect a master race. The following is a description by Vera Alexander, a witness of Mengele’s horrors, of a common experiment Mengele would perform on twins: “One day SS men came and took two children away. They were two of my pets, Tito and Nino. One of them was a hunchback. Two or three days later, an SS man brought them back in a terrible state. They had been cut. The hunchback was sewn to the other child, back to back, their wrists back to back too. There was a terrible smell of gangrene. The cuts were dirty and the children cried every night.';(P.37 par... ...t, he regretted not working harder to exterminate more people than he had. Mengele was presented as who he was. This makes it seem as though there is an unfair amount of negativity presented about him. Other than a few occasions where he showed compassion, such as with his son and cleaning lady, he really did not have many redeeming qualities. Mengele personified hatred, arrogance, and cruelty. Trying to keep a balance between the positive and negative of the man would have been impossible. At the end of his life, Mengele was still the same man he always was. He had been humbled by his life of simplicity, yet the arrogance and bitterness he showed as a young SS doctor were still present. Although Mengele evaded capture and was never brought to trial, it does not mean he was never punished. If Mengele had been put to death, his life would have been over, without any further suffering. Mengele lived, and his life of loneliness, isolation, and alienation from his family and the ones he loved was much more painful than had he been put out of his misery years earlier. With his life a waste, all his aspirations dead, and his spirit weakened, Mengele’s life was his punishment.

America is not a better country than it was in the 1950s

There are many people in the United States that claim the country is better today than it has ever been. The country has undergone two centuries of transformation, as people have increasingly gained more and more rights and freedoms, technology has made the lives of all Americans markedly easier, and its citizens have elected its first African-American president only a century after slavery ended. However, despite all this progress, it comes with a significant cost as people are forced to deal with threats like terrorism, unchecked scientific experimentation, and the dissolution of the American nuclear family.It seems that much of the current line of thought in the American public came during the social revolution of the 1960s, when sex, drugs, and rock and roll were used in conjunction with far more important social issues. The social rebellion of the 1960s, along with the unpopular war in Vietnam, gave way to the depressing decade of the 1970s, and the selfishness of the 1980s, whi ch still seem to have the public in its grasp in the quest for empty consumerism. For a look back at a time when America represented the ideals that country was founded upon, one would have to look all the way back to the 1950s.During this decade, America took its place as a respected world leader, family values were still strongly in place, consumerism and technology were used to advance the country and humanity in general, and while there were still threats to the safety and well being of American citizens, there were far fewer threats than each American is forced to deal with today. In evaluating the position of the United States in the world today, it is still a world leader. However, many of the events of recent years have only made the country a target of derision, criticism, and worse, even from its allies.In the 1950s, the world was still reeling from the horrors of the Second World War. America emerged from the turmoil as one of the world’s great superpowers, along w ith the Soviet Union. America was seen as the champions of democracy, responsible for allowing the Allies to win the war and bringing freedom and peace to millions around the world. However, much of this good will and power have been slowly eroded in the decades since, and almost completely removed after the events of the past decade.After the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, America had the good will and support of the entire world. However, poor leadership quickly led these same supporters to accuse America of being imperialistic and ignorant. President George W. Bush did little to help dissuade this view, and in fact contributed to America’s decline more than any president since Richard Nixon resigned in disgrace. Though the election of Barack Obama has brought a fair amount of good will back to America, the damage done by Bush is long and lasting.While Christian conservatives supported Bush, his personal beliefs seriously held up scientific discoveries in the way of stem cell research by refusing to support federal funding; he denied social advancements to people fighting for equal rights; he spearheaded a renewed campaign to take away women’s rights; he also was instrumental in creating a new paranoia over immigration, despite being the president of a country made of immigrants; and, the gap between the rich and the poor continued to grow until the country found itself poised on the brink of depression.But, his greatest shortcomings were concerning the war on terror, which needlessly expanded, and his flippant abuse of federal power concerning the privacy of U. S. citizens. For a president that used the word â€Å"freedom† so frequently, he did more than most presidents to take it away from his fellow countrymen. A man who avoided serving in Vietnam, Bush learned none of the lessons and started a war in Iraq that has been compared by many as the Vietnam War of this generation. For someone that touted simple American values and hard work, Bush and his administration did a great deal to hurt America and make it weaker.This is very different than the strong leadership of Dwight D. Eisenhower who used his military experience and knowledge to make sure that America remained strong and vigilant in the postwar world. Additionally, Eisenhower’s presidency also saw the emergence of a modern American system of strong family values that have all but disappeared in recent years. American family values have certainly fallen off since the 1950s, and things like divorce as well as drug use have grown to epidemic numbers.One of the key differences is the fact that couples are no longer staying together, divorce rates have gone through the roof, and the traditional nuclear family no longer seems to exist. According to an analysis of new census figures by The New York Times, married couples, whose numbers have been declining for decades as a proportion of American households, have slipped into a minority in the Uni ted States. The American Community Survey, released in October by the Census Bureau, found that 49. 7 percent, or 55. 2 million, of the nation's 111.1 million households in 2005 were made up of heterosexual married couples — with and without children — just shy of a majority and down from more than 52 percent five years earlier (Hurley). This trend shows that less and less heterosexual couples are choosing to get married, instead preferring to cohabitate and have children without marriage. These figures do not include divorce rates. In the United States, it is widely believed that one in two marriages will end in divorce, though these figures are debatable.This rate has since been revised downward to roughly 43% by the National Center for Health Statistics but was moved back up to around 50% by the Census Bureau in 2002. Most recently, according to the New York Times, it has been revised downward to just over 40% (â€Å"Divorce Rates†). This lower figure could b e due to the fact that less people are getting married, but it cannot be denied that in a society of increasing equality and civil rights, less people are getting and staying married than ever before.This is quite different than the 1950s, when the nuclear family was something that most people aspired to create: â€Å"Nearly all accounts of the 1950s stress the great importance attached to home, family, and children†¦ Indeed, widely read authors and commentators and well-known political leaders in the 1950s all extolled the virtues of a traditional family life. Women’s magazines published a steady stream of articles praising the homemaker and warning women of the perils of trying to combine marriage and childbearing with work outside the home† (Cherlin 35).Today, usually just to make ends meet, parents are often both forced to work, leaving very little room for the simple family activities that were so valued in the 1950s. This leads to a society that is increasin gly more isolated from each other and living with more fear and anxiety than ever before. This has also led to an increase in the amount of drugs that Americans consume, something which was virtually unheard of in the 1950s. The war on drugs was started in the 1980’s helped along by Nancy Reagan’s slogan, â€Å"Say no to drugs.† While this continues to apply to illegal drugs, in the years since Americans have answered with a resounding â€Å"yes† to legalized drugs. This displays how the war on drugs is not really how it sounds and is really a hypocritical creation. Drugs have become a part of the American fabric, and that is no more apparent than the recent explosion of popular legal drugs. Today, Americans use drugs to remedy everything from receding hairlines, to erectile dysfunction, to the boredom of everyday life.Federal regulations are strict in regards to advertisements of such legal drugs like cigarettes and alcohol, but not pharmaceuticals. Ads for various legal drugs seem to be all over the television, print media, and the internet. In America, the war on drugs could really be renamed â€Å"the war on drugs deemed undesirable by the government,† because there remain many, many potentially harmful and addictive drugs in the public marketplace. In 1998, Americans spent $66 billion on these drugs, including $39 billion on cocaine, $12 billion on heroin, $2.2 billion on methamphetamine, and $11 billion on marijuana (ONDCP). During that same year, Americans spent more than $120 billion dollars on legal drugs, not including the staples alcohol, nicotine, or caffeine, and this number has only continued to grow. And while America is fighting a war on drugs that was not even a concept in the 1950s, it is also fighting an open-ended war on terrorism. Few things show the differences between today and the 1950s as the state of international terrorism and the fear it invokes in people. Even in the 1950s, where the U. S.fought i n Korea and there was a constant threat of nuclear annihilation, the level of fear that American citizens felt during that decade pales in comparison to what it feels in the post-9/11 world. The entire country has been in a frightened and angry state, with the threat of terrorism going hand and hand with government intrusion, religious hatred, and economic failure. After the September 11, 2001 attacks, â€Å"fear of terrorism became something of a way of life for government, first responders, and many citizens, even though no additional attacks on the American mainland have occurred† (Smelser 124).The threat of terrorism has not only affected the American psyche, but it has also led to the deaths of thousands of American soldiers who are busy fighting the long wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. And, unfortunately, there appears to be no end in sight for either war, and casualties only continue to mount on both sides. Despite all the international turmoil that followed the Second W orld War, there was always stability and confidence in America.Now that the confidence is eroding, one can only hope that stability can continue to be achieved. The United States was far better off in the 1950s than the country is today. While it had the Soviet Union to contend with, there was hardly more fear than there is today over the faceless and suicidal terrorists that threaten the very fabric of everyday life. In addition to all the added fears, there are not even the traditional support systems to help alleviate any of the anxiety, as family values are at an all-time low.People are choosing to no longer get married and when they do get married, they are getting divorced at a pace that continues to grow each passing year. With the drug epidemic, war, moral decay, and fear in the current America, one can only think back on the simpler and more stable times that marked the 1950s. Works Cited: Cherlin, Andrew. Marriage, Divorce, Remarriage. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981 â€Å"Divorce Rates. † Divorce Reform Page. 2009. Americans for Divorce Reform. 12 July 2009. . Hurley, Dan. â€Å"Divorce Rate: It's Not as High as You Think. † The New York Times. 19 April 2005. 13 July 2009. . Office of National Drug Control Policy. â€Å"What America's Users Spend on Illegal Drugs 1988– 1998. † ONDCP Publications. 4 March 2002. 13 July 2009. . Smelser, Neil J. The Faces of Terrorism: Social and Psychological Dimensions. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2007